The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) provides a rational target for cancer therapy as it is commonly overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors, and its deregulation is correlated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and a poor prognosis. Cetuximab (C255), a specific monoclonal antibody directed against EGFR, is synergistic with chemotherapy and radiotherapy and has been licensed for the treatment of irinotecan refractory colorectal cancer (CRC) and squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN), which express EGFR. In addition, the clinical trials about cetuximab for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast and pancreas carcinoma are ongoing, and cetuximab has been proven to a novel strategy for the treatment of cancer with the overexpression of EGFR.

Multidrug resistance(MDR)of tumor cells has become the main impediment that influence the curative effect of cancer chemotherapy. Although there are many mechanisms can generate the multidrug resistance, the overexpression of P-glycoprotein encoded by the multidrug resistance-1(mdr1) gene is the main cause in the formation of MDR. Seaching for innocuous and effective reversal of MDR is not only a method of improving the efficiency of cancer chemotherapy but also the problem desiderated to be resolved in chemotherapy domain.

Cough is one of common respiratory symptoms in pediatric pulmonology.But there′s no practical pediatric guideline for diagnosis and management in particular an evidence-based one.This article introduces American College of Chest Physicians(ACCP) evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for evaluation chronic cough in pediatrics from which can be borrowed ideas.The introduction of ACCP guidelines for evaluation chronic cough in pediatric provided modified naming to previous diseases,discussed etiology of cough caused by different diseases and drew detailed flow charts for chronic cough diagnosis and management.

Objective: To study the factors effecting the expression of the reporter green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in the mouse embryo stem cell line R1. Methods: Three different kinds of GFP euko-expression vectors were constructed, and the expression efficiency was contrasted both at mRNA and protein levels after they were integrated into the chromosomes of host cells. Results: At protein level, the GFP expression level of the colonies transfected by the expression vector-pEF-GFP with the promoter of the peptide elongation factor (EF) were significantly higher than that of the colonies transfected by pCMV-GFP with CMV promoter and by pdCMV-GFP with double copies of CMV-GFP expression unit. There was no significant difference between the colonies transfected by pCMV-GFP and pdCMV-GFP. The detection results on mRNA level of GFP had the same tendency as that at protein level. Conclusion: (1) GFP gene expression efficiency controlled by EF promoter is distinctly higher than that by CMV promoter in NIH3T3 and R1 ES cell line.(2) A slight increase of the copy number of the foreign gene expression units in the host chromosome can not make obvious increase of its expression efficiency. (3) The vector express GFP in R1 ES cell line efficiently and stablely is obtained.

Objective To investigate the effect of pioglitazone on the expression of thrombospondin-1(TSP1)and transfor ming growth factor-β1 (TGF-131)in the kidney of diabetic rats.Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal control(NC),streptozocin-induced diabetic mellitus(DM),diabetic rats treated with pioglitazone(DP)and normal control rats treated with pioglitazone(NP).24-h urine protein quantity,serum creatinine(Scr) and kidney hypertrophy index were measured after treatment for 10 weeks,and the expression of TSP1 and TGF-β1 in the kidney was detected by using RT-PCR and immuohistochemistry.Results As compared with DM group,urine protein level and kidney hypertrophy index were significantly attenuated in DP group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in plasma glucose between them(P>0.05).As compared with NC and NP groups,the expression of TSP1 and TGF-β1 was significantly elevated in the kidney of DM and DP groups(P<0.01).Both TSP1 and TGF-β1 expression in DP group was lower than in DM group(P<0.05).Conclusion Pioglitazone can exert a direct protective effect on the kidney in diabetic rats,which is independent of the role of insulin sensitizer,and the mechanism may be associated with the decreased TSP1 expression in the kidney.

Objective To explore the effects of alendronate on adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow stremal cells (BMSCs) and the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signal pathway in this process. Methods BMSCs were derived from 9-month-old ovariectomized SD rats and exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L of alendronate for 2 weeks. The number of BMSCs was counted under light microscope after oil red O staining. The expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-γ, 2 (PPAR-γ2) was measured by RT-PCR. The effect of alendronate on MAPK signal pathway was detected by Western blot. Results After two weeks of induction of BMSCs by alendronate, BMSCs with positive oil red O staining significantly decreased as the increase of the concentration of alendronate (P <0.01), so did the expression of PPAR-γ2. The expression level of PPAR 2 increased when exposing BMSCs to ERK1/2 or JNK specific inhibitors, PD98059 and SP600125 for two weeks. However, the expression level of PPAR 2 decreased when exposing BMSCs to SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38) for two weeks. Condusion Alendronate can inhibit adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs derived from ovariectomized rats in a doso-dependent manner by activating ERK1/2 and JNK rather than p38.

The analgesic, sedative and convulsive effects of procaine were determined by animal experiments. The analgesic ED50 of procain were 21.7mg/kg or 52.8ug/ each (iv or icv, hot plate) and 29.2mg/kg or 52.2ug/ each (iv or icv,electral stimulation) in mice.Procaine In subthreshold dose had additive hypnotic effect of phenobarbital in mice and rabbits, but could not de crease spontaneous activity in mice.The convulsive ED50 of procaine were 13.5mg/kg (iv) or 2.4mg/each (icv) in rabbits.There was no influence on the righting reflex in all the experiment animals when iv or icv procaine was given alone.These results suggest that the analgesic and sedative effects of procaine are weak, but may be potentiated when administered concomitantly With other potent drugs.

The interaction between sodium oxybate and ketamine were studied in conscious animals. Sodium oxybate increased the LD_(50) of ketamine, increased the incidence of sleep caused by ke tamine and prolonged the sleep duration and potentiated analgesic action of ketamine. Sodium Oxybate didn't effect the respiratory and circulatory function in rabbits. The results showed sodium oxybate po tentiated the anesthetic action of ketamine and reduced the side effect of ketamine. So It is suggested that sodium oxybate has the anesthetic synergism with ketamine in animals.

In recent years,with the continuous development of medical technology and progress,knowledge regaming respiratory disease become deepening,especially in lower respiratory tract infection bacterial resistance,application of macrocyclic ester antibiotics,severe and refractory mycoplasma pneumonia,refractory asthma,interstitial lung diseases,pediatric interventional bronchoscopy,and stem cell therapy which all have made great progress.In this review,the related hotspot,difficulty and research progress are summarized.