OBJECTIVETo find the sexual reproduction characteristics and improve the seed propagation and new variety breeding of Fritillaria cirrhosa.

METHODFlower, anther and pistil development were observed. Pollinating in different development period and bagging were used to measure stigma maturity situation and natural outcrossing rate.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONIt took 12 days from floral bud emergency to finished flowering. It was observed that anther opened in longitudinal direction and pollen was ejected for 2-4 days continuously. Pistil matured earlier, and chapiter could be fertilized from middle bud stage the third day after flowering, but the most suitable time was 2-3 day after the corolla opening. The natural outcrossing rate was 81.9%. F. cirrhosa is a typical xenial plant.

The quality of traditional Chinese medicine tablets is correlated with clinical efficacy and drug safety, and plays a great role in promoting the development of traditional Chinese medicine. However, the existing traditional artificial identification and modern instrument detection in terms of accuracy and timeliness have both advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, how to quickly and accurately identify the quality of traditional Chinese medicine tablets has become a high-profile issue. The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility of the application of electronic eye technology in the study of rapid identification of traditional Chinese medicine quality. A total of 80 batches of samples were collected and tested by Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus for traditional empirical identification(M_1) and modern pharmacopeia(M_2). The optical data was collected from electronic eyes, and the chemical metrology was used to establish suitable discrimination models(M_3). Four authenticity and commodity specification models, namely identification analysis(DA), minimum bidirectional support vector machine(LS-SVM), partial minimum two-multiplier analysis(PLS-DA), main component analysis identification analysis(PCA-DA), were established, respectively. The accuracies of the authenticity identification models were 82.5%, 90.0%, 96.2% and 93.8%, while the accuracies of the commodity specification identification models were 89.3%, 96.0%, 90.7% and 97.3%, respectively. The models were well judged, the authenticity identification was based on the final identification model of PLS-DA, and the commodity specification was based on the final identification model of PCA-DA. There was no significant difference between its accuracy and M_1, and the time of determination was much shorter than M_2(P<0.01). Therefore, electronic-eye technology could be used for the rapid identification of the quality of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Fritillaria ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plant Roots ; Technology

Amanita Pers. is a well-known monophyletic mushroom genus with a broad distribution. However, the diversity of Korean Amanita species has been underestimated, and most taxonomic studies conducted in Korea have only investigated their morphological characteristics. This approach is frequently insufficient for correct identification in fungal classification; therefore, we constructed a phylogeny of Amanita subgen. Lepidella in order to understand the phylogenetic placements of 16 Amanita specimens collected in Korea in 2012. The phylogeny constructed using the sequence data of the internal transcribed spacers and the partial large subunit of ribosomal RNA identified nine Amanita species (A. citrina, A. excelsa var. spissa, A. flavipes, A. fritillaria, A. oberwinklerana, A. pallidorosea, A. rubescens, A. subjunquillea, and A. volvata); of these, A. fritillaria, A. oberwinklerana, and A. pallidorosea are new to Korea.
Agaricales ; Amanita* ; Classification ; Fritillaria ; Korea* ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal

OBJECTIVETo preliminarily study the effect of fertilizer methods on the yield and quality of Fritillaria ussuriensis.

METHODThrough the investigation of the available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in soil fertility of F. ussuriensis planting field as well as the measurement of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium contents in bulbus of F. ussuriensis, the balanced fertilization plan for cultivation of F. ussuriensis was made.

RESULTThe optimal fertilizing amount was 13.0 kg x m(-2) pig dung, or 5.5 kg x m(-2) deer dung and 6.5 kg x m(-2) pig dung, or 11.0 kg x m(-2) deer dung.

CONCLUSIONEffective fertilizing may increase significantly the yield and quality of F. ussuriensis.

OBJECTIVETo provide more proofs for expounding the genetic relationships among the (varietal) species in genus Fritillaria from Sichuan province.

METHODThe ISSR marker technique was used to study relationships and genetic polymorphism of nineteen populations in ten species and one varietal species of genus Fritillaria. Genetic similarities were calculated by using NTSYS software and the dendrogram was constructed by using UPGMA method.

RESULTEleven primers were selected from 35 ISSR primers, and 179 DNA fragments were amplified from 19 populations. Of which, 179 fragments were polymorphic (percentage of polymorphic bands was 86.8%). The genetic similarity among all accessions ranged from 0.569 to 0.855. Clustering analysis showed that the 19 populations of Fritillaria could be distinctively classified into 4 groups. F. cirrhosa, F. przewalskii, F. cirrhosa var. logirnectarea and F. dajitensis were in the first group; The second group was the cluster of F. cirrhosa and F. mellea (wild and cultivated species); The third group was F. sulcisquamosa, F. thunbergii, wabunesis and F. delavayi; F. hupehensis alone formed the fourth group.

CONCLUSIONISSR marker technique is suitable for the genetic diversity of Fritillaria from Sichuan province. Interspecific identifications among the four original species of Bulhus Fritillariae Cirrhosae recorded by pharmacopoeia of China, and between them and the other species of genus Fritillaria from Sichuan province could not be gained by using ISSR markers technique. In addition, the cluster result of genus Fritillaria had some relationships with the geographical distribution.

In order to study the accumulation of Fritillaria thunbergii cultivar, peimine content in Xiaye, Kuanye, Duozi and Xiaosanzi bulbs of different sizes and parts was determined by HPLC-ELSE. The results indicated that the peimine content varied significantly with the cultivar type, the size and part of bulb. The distribution laws of peimine were as follow: Xiaosanzi > Duozi > Xiaye > Kuanye, small-size bulb > big-size bulb, core bud > scale. The peimine yield per plant in Duozi was the highest.
Cevanes ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fritillaria ; chemistry ; growth & development

In this study, the processes of pollination ecology of Fritillaria delavayi were investigated to document its reproductive characteristics. Some individuals of F. delavayi could produce seeds under bagging without emasculation (11%), but the rate was significantly lower than that of the natural control (87%). It is suggesting that pollination of F. delavayi largely depends on pollen vectors. Bombus sushikini was the only effective pollinator of F. delavayi and the visitation frequency was 0.003 time xXflower(-1) x min(-1). Flowering of F. delavayi in whole population lasted for 35 d and single flower for 11 d. Pollen viability and stigma receptivity lasted for 9 d and were relatively long compared with other Fritillaria genus plants. Consequently, bumblebee pollination and long floral longevity seem to be important for reproductive assurance of F. delavayi in harsh alpine environments.
Animals ; Bees ; physiology ; Fritillaria ; physiology ; Pollen ; physiology ; Pollination

OBJECTIVETo study the differences in pollen morphology and karyotype among main Fritillari thunbergii cultivars.

METHODPollen morphologies of three F. thunbergii cultivars were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chromosome numbers and karyotypes were studied by applying traditional squash technique.

RESULTThe pollen shape of F. thunbergii (Xiaye) was ovoid, while those of the other F. thunbergii (Kuanye, Duozi) were oblong. There were significant differences in mesh ridge width, mesh size among three F. thunbergii cultivars. The karyotype formula ofthree cultivars were as follows: F. thunbergii (Xiaye) was 2n =2x =3m +1sm + 8st(2SAT) + 12t(4SAT), F. thunbergii (Kuanye) was 2n = 2x =2m + 2sm + 10st(2SAT) + 10t (2SAT), F. thunbergii (Duozi) was 2n =2x = 24 =2m +2sm +5st(2SAT) +15t(4SAT). The three cultivars of karyotype belonged to 3B; There were the heterozygosity of homologous chromosome in both F. thunbergii (Xiaye) and F. thunbergii (Duozi).

CONCLUSIONThe genetic diversity of F. thunbergii is very rich, which could enhance the adaptability, and lay the foundations for new variety selection of F. thunbergii.

This study aimed to establish a method based on machine learning technology for accurately predicting the commodity specifications of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus and explore the application of data augmentation technology in the field of drug analysis. The correlation optimized warping(COW) algorithm was used to perform peak calibration on the UPLC-QDA multi-channel superimposed data of 30 batches of samples, and the data were normalized. Through unsupervised learning methods such as clustering analysis, principal component analysis(PCA), and correlation analysis, the general characteristics of the data were understood. Then, the logistic regression algorithm was used for supervised learning on the data, and the condition tabular generative adversarial networks(CTGAN) was used to generate a large amount of data. Logistic regression classification models were trained separately using the real data and the data generated by CTGAN, and these models were evaluated. The logistic regression model trained with real data achieved cross-validation and test set accuracies of 0.95 and 1.00, respectively, while the logistic regression model trained with both real and CTGAN-generated data achieved cross-validation and test set accuracies of 0.99 and 1.00, respectively. The results indicate that machine learning can accurately predict the classification of Songbei, Qingbei, and Lubeibased on UPLC-QDA detection data. CTGAN-generated data can partially compensate for the lack of data in drug analysis, improving the accuracy and predictive ability of machine learning models.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Fritillaria ; Technology ; Machine Learning ; Plant Roots

The paper reviews the recent developments in germplasm, identification, ecological factors and cultivation of bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae. During past years, new methods for identification such as mass spectrometry (MS), polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA chips have been invented and identification works became easier. The relationship between ecological factors such as climate, soil, community types and the quality of bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae has been revealed, thus a new cultivation model "semi-wild cultivation" have been developed and it is beneficial to material conservation. The present problems and the future research direction on bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae were also discussed.
Conservation of Natural Resources ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fritillaria ; chemistry ; genetics ; growth & development