Background: Sunburn is the main avoidable cause of skin cancer. Beach lifeguards spend many hours exposed to the effects of solar radiation during their work day, precisely at times of the year when levels of solar irradiation are highest. The aim of this study is to quantify the risk to beach lifeguards of sun exposure. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Western Costa del Sol, southern Spain, during the summer of 2018. The research subjects were recruited during a skin cancer prevention course for beach lifeguards. All participants were invited to complete a questionnaire on their habits, attitudes, and knowledge related to sun exposure. In addition, ten were specially monitored using personal dosimeters for three consecutive days, and the results were recorded in a photoprotection diary. A descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables) was performed, and inter-group differences were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Two hundred fifteen lifeguards completed the questionnaire, and 109 met the criteria for inclusion in this analysis. The mean age was 23.8 years (SD: 5.1), 78.0% were male, 71.5% were phototype III or IV (Fitzpatrick's phototype), and 77.1% had experienced at least one painful sunburn during the previous summer. The mean daily personal ultraviolet exposure per day, the minimal erythema dose, and the standard erythema dose, in J/m2, were 634.7 [standard deviation (SD): 356.2], 2.5 (SD: 1.4) and 6.35 (SD: 3.6), respectively. Conclusion Beach lifeguards receive very high doses of solar radiation during the work day and experience correspondingly high rates of sunburn. Intervention strategies to modify their sun exposure behavior and working environment are necessary to reduce the risk of skin cancer for these workers and to promote early diagnosis of the disease.

Background: Sunburn is the main avoidable cause of skin cancer. Beach lifeguards spend many hours exposed to the effects of solar radiation during their work day, precisely at times of the year when levels of solar irradiation are highest. The aim of this study is to quantify the risk to beach lifeguards of sun exposure. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Western Costa del Sol, southern Spain, during the summer of 2018. The research subjects were recruited during a skin cancer prevention course for beach lifeguards. All participants were invited to complete a questionnaire on their habits, attitudes, and knowledge related to sun exposure. In addition, ten were specially monitored using personal dosimeters for three consecutive days, and the results were recorded in a photoprotection diary. A descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables) was performed, and inter-group differences were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Two hundred fifteen lifeguards completed the questionnaire, and 109 met the criteria for inclusion in this analysis. The mean age was 23.8 years (SD: 5.1), 78.0% were male, 71.5% were phototype III or IV (Fitzpatrick's phototype), and 77.1% had experienced at least one painful sunburn during the previous summer. The mean daily personal ultraviolet exposure per day, the minimal erythema dose, and the standard erythema dose, in J/m2, were 634.7 [standard deviation (SD): 356.2], 2.5 (SD: 1.4) and 6.35 (SD: 3.6), respectively. Conclusion Beach lifeguards receive very high doses of solar radiation during the work day and experience correspondingly high rates of sunburn. Intervention strategies to modify their sun exposure behavior and working environment are necessary to reduce the risk of skin cancer for these workers and to promote early diagnosis of the disease.

Introduction: The maturation process of peloids has been the subject of many studies over time. Knowledge of the processes occurring during this time period, it is very interesting to know the applications of the final product. Material and Method: For preparation of extemporaneous peloids it has been used clay Bentonite Volcangel (Benesa) supplied by Süd Chemie, a mineral water hyperthermal (42°C), sulphurated, weak mineralization (261 mg/l) from Baños Montemayor (M) and water purified obtained by distillation and ion exchange (A).   Peloids were prepared by mixing in the ratio needed aiming to produce a product with 70% water and clay, in polymeric material containers. Water and clay were mixed slowly until total homogenization. The product was introduced into glass containers tightly closed and kept at a constant temperature of 42°C and 8°C.   The percentage of the solid components, water and ashes was determined by gravimetric techniques, drying the sample in oven and muffle furnace (850°C). The specific heat and calorific retentivity were calculated from these data.   　Every six weeks, the analysis of all parameters are repeated in samples maintained at 42°C and 8°C to study possible variations. Results: In Table 1 are shown values of the parameters of the initial peloids prepared with purified water and mineromedicinal water. Conclusion: There were no significant differences observed in the values of the analyzed parameters between the two initial peloids prepared with purified water and with medicinal mineral water of Montemayor spa and a slight diminution in the water percentage, and a small increase of the relaxation time six weeks later.

  The study was designed to distinguish the skin response after the continuous application (three months) of two different osmotic dermatologic products: a Moisturizing Emulsion and a Facial Mask, both elaborated from Lanjarón-Capuchina mineral water« dry residue: 19.871 mg/l; chloride (Cl-): 8.867 mg/l; sodium (Na2+): 3.941 mg/l; calcium (Ca2+): 1.423 mg/l; magnesium (Mg2+): 235 mg/l; sulphate (SO42-): 448 mg/l; bicarbonate (HCO3-): 1.732 mg/l and iron (Fe2+): 28 mg/l ». Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to determine the in situ biomechanical behaviour of skin in response to the use of two dermatologic products manufactured from the sediments (saline muds) of Capuchina water. The impact of the osmotic products on the biomechanical behaviour of human skin, its pH, sebum output, barrier function and dermal density was quantified in healthy volunteers using several non-invasive approaches. Material and Method: Experimental data were obtained in 38 healthy women aged 32 to 58 years (41.4±5.9 years) with no prior skin problems of any relevance. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.   Subjects were instructed to apply the moisturizing cream (Emulsión Hidratante del Balneario de Lanjarón) to the face each day after a cleaning routine in the morning and evening. Once a week, the participants applied the face mask (Máscara Facial del Balneario de Lanjarón) for 20 minutes.   The biological response was registered by means of five non invasive techniques: Cutometer, Sebumeter, pH-meter, Reviscometer and Tewameter (TEWL).   Formerly safety tests were performed on cosmetic. Results: The results suggest that skin response may be modified and/or controlled, significantly reducing skin sebum (6%), TEWL (21%) and skin fatigue due to repeted suction (30%) after 15 days of treatment and stabilized after approximately 60 days.   On the other hand, a considerable increase of total skin elasticity Ua/Uf (19%), skin resistance to maximum extension Uf (5%), and dermal redensification evaluated by means of the Reviscometer (6%) was observed.   The pH and cutaneous viscoelasticity (Uv/Ue) determinations have resulted irrelevant and not significant. Conclusions: We can conclude that: 1. Dermatological products prepared with Lanjarón-Capuchina sediment are safe and healthy for the skin. 2. Sebum without affecting the skin barrier function is regulated. 3. After 30 days of treatment significantly reduces transepidermal water loss. That is, the skin barrier function is enhanced. 4. Skin pH is not affected after treatment implantation. 5. There is a significant increase in dermal density, which begins to occur after a month of treatment. 6. Increased skin resistance to suction (firmness) from 15 days occurs and rises slightly to 90 days. 7. Considerably increases the elasticity of the skin, which at 30 days of treatment is estimated at 20%, remaining at these values until the end of the study. 8. By repeated skin suction, skin fatigue considerably decreased, 30% from baseline.   Overall treatment application normalizes the amount of sebum, without greatly altering the ecology and skin barrier function, clearly favouring the biomechanical properties of the skin, especially the parameters that are modified by time.

This study analyze the relation between body composition, physical activity (PA), and sex in Chilean children from rural and urban public educational institutions. The prevalence of obesity (according to BMI) was 30.88% in urban children and 28.93% in rural children. Central obesity presented mainly in the rural girls. Approximately 90% of the participants reported <7 h of PA/week, regardless of residential area. In addition, central fat was strongly associated with rural residence; the children reported lower PA levels, and they presented a higher prevalence of central fat. The results reflect the need to implement programs to improve PA conditions in the child urban-rural population.
Adolescent ; Body Fat Distribution ; statistics & numerical data ; Child ; Chile ; epidemiology ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data

  The main objective of the present study was to determine the in situ biomechanical behaviour of skin in response to the use of three muds manufactured with a hyperosmotic Spring “Hervederos de Cofrentes” water, Valencia, Spain. The impact of the osmotic muds on the biomechanical behaviour of human skin, its pH, blood flow, barrier function and dermal density was quantified in healthy volunteers using several non-invasive approaches. Materials and Method: This study was designed to assess the skin response to daily use for 10 and 20 days on volar forearms of 33 healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 40 years (23.3 ± 4.4) when applied 3 extemporaneous peloides with 0 (P0), 30 (P3) and 60 (P6) days of maturation.   Peloids daily placed on volar forearm on panellist and variables were determined at baseline before starting treatment (day 0), and 10 and 20 days after the start of treatment. Day zero values are considered normal skin pattern.   After a descriptive statistical analysis (mean and standard deviation), a paired Student’s t-test was used to compare data. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results and Conclusions: Our results also suggest a direct relationship between the actions of the muds used and the following changes in the in vivo characteristics of human skin.   P3 peloid gradually decreases blood flow (p<0.05) whitout affetation TEWL and there is a general increase in pH with the implementation of treatment. Increases skin firmness (p<0, 05) and elasticity (p<0.05).   All peloids P0, P3 and P6 had an increase in dermal density (p<0.05), and was recorded reaching significance after 10 days of treatment and increased resistance towards repeated suction (reduced fatigue) after 10 days of treatment too, rising gradually up to 20 days was observed (p<0.05).   As an overall conclusion, our findings indicate that the skin treatment proposed, P3 peloid mainly, decrease blood flow without modifying the barrier function of the skin, does not change TEWL, and clearly improves its biomechanical properties, improving skin density, skin firmness, increasing the elasticity and decreasing the fatigue of the skin, up minimally modifying the pH.   All these circumstances make it very compatible with scaly process type psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis or cutaneous process that curse with an increase in skin cell turn-over.