D antigens are clinically significant, and routine tests on the D antigen requires the inclusion of weak D testing, which is performed using indirect antihuman immunoglobulin methods. On the other hand, exact typing of the D type of an individual can be done more precisely with RHD genotyping, which is a useful tool in cases where the RHD gene is intact. The majority of weak-D or partial-D cases are from single nucleotide changes or hybridization of RHD and RHCE genes. Nevertheless, frameshift mutations can also result in weak or partial-D. The characteristics of a frameshift mutation is typically a change in protein product after a problematic mutation and early termination of transcription, leading into truncated protein products. This paper reports a D-variant case with RHD 711delC along with a review of the relevant literature. In addition, the results of software analysis are reported.
Frameshift Mutation ; Genotype ; Hand ; Immunoglobulins

No abstract available.
Frameshift Mutation ; Microsatellite Instability ; Microsatellite Repeats

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT) is an X-linked skeletal dysplasia. Patients show disproportionate short stature with short trunk and barrel-shaped chest, which usually become pronounced in late childhood. The radiologic findings are characterized by narrow intervertebral disc spaces and moderate epiphyseal dysplasia of long bones. Here we report a case of SEDT with a novel frameshift mutation in TRAPPC2, the disease-causing gene of SEDT. This is the first Korean report with SEDT confirmed by genetic testing.
Frameshift Mutation ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Osteochondrodysplasias ; Thorax

PURPOSE: Germline mutations within melanoma susceptibility genes are present only in minority of melanoma patients and it is expected that additional genes will be discovered with next generation sequence technology and whole-exome sequencing (WES). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Herein we performed WES on a cohort of 96 unrelated Polish patients with melanoma diagnosed under the age of 40 years who all screened negative for the presence of CDKN2A variants. A replication study using a set of 1,200 melanoma patient DNA samples and similarly large series of healthy controls was undertaken. RESULTS: We selected 21 potentially deleterious variants in 20 genes (VRK1, MYCT1, DNAH14, CASC3, MS4A12, PRC1, WWOX, CARD6, EXO5, CASC3, CASP8AP2, STK33, SAMD11, CNDP2, CPNE1, EFCAB6, CABLES1, LEKR1, NUDT17, and RRP15), which were identified by WES and confirmed by Sanger sequencing for an association study. Evaluation of the allele distribution among carriers and their relatives in available family trios revealed that these variants were unlikely to account for many familial cases of melanoma. Replication study revealed no statistically significant differences between cases and controls. CONCLUSION: Although most of the changes seemed to be neutral we could not exclude an association between variants in VRK1, CREB3L3, EXO5, and STK33 with melanoma risk.
Alleles ; Cohort Studies ; DNA ; Exome* ; Frameshift Mutation ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Melanoma* ; Poland*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis for a patient with Dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: A patient admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University in April 2022 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data and family history of the patient was collected. Targeted exome sequencing was carried out. Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis based on guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). RESULTS: DNA sequencing revealed that the patient has harbored a heterozygous c.5044dupG frameshift variant of the FLNC gene. Based on the ACMG guidelines, the variant was predicted to be likely pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PP4). CONCLUSION The heterozygous c.5044dupG variant of the FLNC gene probably underlay the pathogenesis in this patient, which has provided a basis for the genetic counseling for his family.
Humans ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics* ; Genetic Testing ; Genetic Counseling ; Computational Biology ; Frameshift Mutation ; Mutation ; Filamins

Tumor tissues from biopsies or surgery are major sources for the next generation sequencing (NGS) study, but these procedures are invasive and have limitation to overcome intratumor heterogeneity. Recent studies have shown that driver alterations in tumor tissues can be detected by liquid biopsy which is a less invasive technique capable of both capturing the tumor heterogeneity and overcoming the difficulty in tissue sampling. However, it is still unclear whether the driver alterations in liquid biopsy can be detected by targeted NGS and how those related to the tissue biopsy. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing for a breast cancer tissue and identified PTEN p.H259fs*7 frameshift mutation. In the plasma DNA (liquid biopsy) analysis by targeted NGS, the same variant initially identified in the tumor tissue was also detected with low variant allele frequency. This mutation was subsequently validated by digital polymerase chain reaction in liquid biopsy. Our result confirm that driver alterations identified in the tumor tissue were detected in liquid biopsy by targeted NGS as well, and suggest that a higher depth of sequencing coverage is needed for detection of genomic alterations in a liquid biopsy.
Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; DNA* ; Frameshift Mutation ; Gene Frequency ; Plasma* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Population Characteristics

Inherited afibrinogenemia is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disease characterized by complete absence of fibrinogen in blood. To identify the genotype in a Chinese family with inherited afibrinogenemia, the samples of peripheral blood were collected from 6 members of 3 generations. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (Fg, clauss) were tested. Fg was also analyzed by using immunoturbidimetry method. DNAs of six members were extracted by using a DNA extract kit. All the exons and exon-intron boundaries of the three fibrinogen genes were amplified by using PCR and analyzed by direct sequencing. The results showed that the parents of proband were 3 degree consanguinity. A homozygous c.934_935insA in FGA was found in proband which results in the change of protein p.Ser312fsX42. The parents, grandmother, maternal grandmother and father's sister were all detected with heterozygous mutation which was same as that in proband. In conclusion homozygous c.934_935insA in FGA is a cause of inherited afibrinogenemia and a novel mutation being reported.
Afibrinogenemia ; etiology ; genetics ; Child ; Exons ; Female ; Fibrinogen ; genetics ; Frameshift Mutation ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Pedigree

High-throughput sequencing was performed for the peripheral blood DNA from two probands in the family with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) to determine the sequences of TSC-related genes TSC1 and TSC2 and their splicing regions and identify mutation sites. Amplification primers were designed for the mutation sites and polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing were used to verify the sequences of peripheral blood DNA from the probands and their parents. The two probands had c.3981-3982 insA (p.Asp1327AspfsX87) and c.4013-4014 delCA (p.Ser1338Cysfs) heterozygous mutations, respectively, in the TSC2 gene. The parents of proband 1 had no abnormalities at these two loci; the mother of proband 2 had c.4013-4014 delCA heterozygous mutation in the TSC2 gene, while the father and the grandparents of proband 2 had no abnormalities. c.3981-3982 insA mutation may cause early coding termination of amino acid sequence at the 1413th site, and c.4013-4014 delCA mutation may cause early coding termination of amino acid sequence at the 1412th site. These two mutations are the pathogenic mutations for families 1 and 2, respectively, and both of them are novel frameshift mutations, but their association with the disease needs to be further verified by mutant protein function cell model and animal model.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; Humans ; Tuberous Sclerosis ; genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; genetics

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) with hearing impairment is a clinically distinct rare entity described in a few families, usually with a demyelinating neuropathy. The molecular basis for this disease has not been established with certainty. Audiological evaluation has revealed auditory neuropathy in the affected individual. We report a CMT1A family with sensorineural hearing loss and a novel frame shift mutation Ala106fs (318delT) in the PMP22 gene.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease ; Deafness ; Frameshift Mutation* ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo investigate the genetic defect and its mechanism in a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia.

METHODSThe plasma fibrinogen activity and antigen of the patient was determined using the Clauss method and immuno-nephelometric assay, respectively. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood of the proband and his related family members. All exons and exon-intron boundaries of the three fibrinogen genes (FGA, FGB, FGG) were amplified by PCR followed by direct sequencing. Thrombin fibrin aggregation curve were detected in the plasma of the patient. Wild-type and mutation type fibrinogen vectors were constructed, and then transfected into COS-7 cells. The wild-type and mutant proteins from the culture media and cell lysates were tested by Western blot and ELISA.

RESULTSAPTT, PT, TT were significantly longer in the proband. Plasma fibrinogen activity and antigen of the patient could not be detected using the Clauss method and immuno-nephelometry, respectively. Gene analysis revealed that a novel homozygous GTTT insertion between nucleotides 2833 and 2834 in FGB exon 2 in the proband. The proband's father, mother, brother and son were heterozygous. The polymerization curves of the patient did not show a lag phase or final turbidity, compared with the normal controls. Western blot analysis showed the lack of complete half-molecules of the fibrinogen molecule and fibrinogen in patient's plasma under non-reducing conditions. It also could not detect the truncated Bβ chain under reducing conditions. Abnormal fibrinogen molecule (molecule weight>340 000) were found in transfected COS-7 cells by Western blot, which indicated that the mutation caused the abnormal intracellular fibrinogen molecule assembly. The fibrinogen band was absent in culture media transfected by the mutation. Fibrinogen levels of mutant fibrinogen were no significant different from those of wild-type fibrinogen in cell lysates by ELISA analysis [(2.47 ± 0.30) μg/ml vs (2.65±0.60) μg/ml, P=0.0889]; However, the levels of the mutant fibrinogen were statistically significant lower than those of wild type fibrinogen in culture media [(0.01 ± 0.01) μg/ml vs (3.80±0.80) μg/ml, P=0.0001].

CONCLUSIONCongenital afibrinogenemia was caused by this frameshift mutation in exon 2 of FGB. This novel mutation impaired fibrinogen assembly and secretion.

Afibrinogenemia ; congenital ; etiology ; genetics ; Fibrinogen ; genetics ; Frameshift Mutation ; Humans ; Male ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Pedigree ; Young Adult