With the development of society, the improvement of living standards and the advancement of research methods, olfactory function has been paid more and more attention. Therefore, higher requirements for the forensic identification of olfactory function have also been put forward. Standardization construction of forensic medical examination and identification of olfactory dysfunction is urgently needed. Based on a comprehensive review of olfactory function and forensic assessment of olfactory dysfunction, this paper elaborates on problems related to the principles and timing of forensic assessment of olfactory dysfunction, the requirements of identification of traumatic olfactory dysfunction, the subjective and objective methods of examination of olfactory function. Strict control of the above issues is an important mean of standardization of forensic assessment of olfactory dysfunction.
Forensic Medicine/standards* ; Humans ; Olfaction Disorders/physiopathology* ; Smell

Gradation of Disability in Human Body Injuries （hereinafter referred to as Gradation） has been released and used since January 2017, and has become the most widely used standard in forensic science practice. This paper calculates and rates the visual system evaluation provisions of the current domestic disability evaluation criteria represented by the Gradation which used the methods of Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment （hereinafter referred to as GEPI） issued by American Medical Association （AMA）. Through comparing, a good correlation between the provisions in Gradation and whole person impairment rating index in GEPI was shown. On the basis of this, suggestions are put forward to amend some provisions of Gradation, in order to provide reference for the revision and further improvement of domestic standards and provisions.
American Medical Association ; China ; Disability Evaluation ; Disabled Persons ; Forensic Medicine/standards* ; Forensic Sciences ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; United States

When primary injuries caused by penetrating violence and secondary injuries by faulty medical procedures are both present, it is important to distinguish "avoidable" from "unavoidable" secondary injuries. The primary and "unavoidable" secondary injuries rather than the secondary "avoidable" injuries should be included as evidence for assessment of the degree and grade the injuries. The basic principles to assess blood accumulation after injury have been stated in the seventy-two clause of "The Assessment Criterion of Severe Human Body Injury". However, it dose not distinguish abdominal blood accumulation caused by primary penetrating wounds from that resulted from secondary medical procedures. An amendment to the clause might be necessary.
Abdominal Injuries/complications* ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Female ; Forensic Medicine/standards* ; Hemoperitoneum/surgery* ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Male ; Wounds, Penetrating/complications*

Objective To provide reference for further perfection and revision of standards relevant to limb injury by comparing the evaluation results of different disability standards of long bone fracture. Methods Thirty cases were selected from the long bone fracture cases accepted by our institution in 2018. These cases include 5 cases of shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle joints, respectively, to investigate the degree of loss of function of joints after long bone fracture. Disability evaluation was made according to Classification of the Impairment Related To Injury （hereinafter referred to as Classification）, Assessment for Body Impairment of the injured in road traffic accidents （now repealed, hereinafter referred to as original Road Standard） and Identifying Work Ability-Gradation of Disability Caused by Work-related Injuries and Occupational Diseases （hereinafter referred to as Work Standard）. The disability evaluation results of every domestic standard were compared with the joint damage rate of Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment （hereinafter referred to as GEPI）. Results The functional loss rate of joints （except ankle） was 26%-48%，and the ankle functional loss rate was 51%-64%. The mean value of GEPI joint impairment rate of the joints was 13%-22%, with the fluctuation range less than 10%. The rate of level 10 disability was 100% according to the Classification. The rate of level 10 disability was 27%, the rate of level 9 disability was 6% and 67% were not disabled according to the original Road Standard. The rate of level 10 disability was 10% according to the Work Standard and 90% had a disability above level 10 （47% were classified as level 7 disability）. Conclusion The people with limb joint dysfunction in this study had evaluation results with a smaller fluctuation range and better consistency according to the Classification and GEPI. The evaluation results according to the original Road Standard and the Work Standard has a less consistency. The Classification is more similar to GEPI and is more reasonable.
Disability Evaluation ; Disabled Persons ; Forensic Medicine/standards* ; Fractures, Bone ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; Wrist Joint

OBJECTIVE: To explore the consistency of assessed results according to Standard of Evaluated Injured Severity, finding out some factors that influenced appraisal conclusion. METHODS: 102 cases examined by Beijing Institute of Forensic Medicine and Science in 1998 were re-evaluated respectively by nine appraisers. RESULTS: The results showed that distinction of appraisal conclusion between appraisers in the same institute was small, but in different institute was big. The work experience and professional train were important to reduce errors. CONCLUSION Standard of Evaluated Injured Severity strong take on character of profession. Veracity of assessed injured severity is related with unitive authoritative explanation, training and experience of appraiser.
Analysis of Variance ; Education, Professional ; Employee Performance Appraisal/standards* ; Forensic Medicine/standards* ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health Personnel/standards* ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Trauma Severity Indices

Positional asphyxia of restraint means that when an individual was limited in an abnormal body position, asphyxia would take place owing to the disorder of spontaneous respiratory function, and finally it lead to die. So, it belongs to a special type of the mechanical asphyxia. From the cases reported, we could found that it would take place in several conditions. Because the cases were not caused enough recognition, the study has been researched carefully only in recent years. Following the more cases reported, many experts of forensic medicine had investigated it on the mechanism of death and the standard of identification, but they could not reach to agreements. So, they have changed the directions of the researches, began to value the factors of risk and research how to avoid it. In the following text, the mechanism of death, factors of risk, preventive methods, standard of identification and prospecting of positional asphyxia of restraint were reviewed.
Alcoholic Intoxication/physiopathology* ; Animals ; Asphyxia/prevention & control* ; Cause of Death ; Diaphragm/physiopathology* ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Muscle Fatigue ; Posture/physiology* ; Respiratory Mechanics ; Restraint, Physical/adverse effects*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of abdominal penetrating injuries with exploratory laparotomy, as well as to summarize the key points of injury degree, and to supply reasonable reference for the practice and criterion modification in forensic clinical medicine identification. METHODS Fifty-seven cases which were all abdominal penetrating injuries with exploratory laparotomy from July 1990 to February 2011 were retrospectively analyzed including the instrument causing trauma, amount of the hemoperitoneum, the organs of the injury, conclusion of the forensic indentification, and so on. RESULTS There was some correlation between the organ injury patterns, volume of hemoperitoneum and identification conclusion for the abdominal penetrating injury cases with exploratory laparotomy. CONCLUSION The intra-abdominal injury has important effect for the injury degree of the abdominal penetrating injury cases with exploratory laparotomy and should be considered in the practice and criterion modification of these kinds of cases.
Abdominal Injuries/surgery* ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Expert Testimony/standards* ; Female ; Forensic Medicine/standards* ; Hemoperitoneum/pathology* ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Laparotomy/methods* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Wounds, Penetrating/surgery* ; Wounds, Stab/surgery* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To compare the degrees of upper limb impairment, which was caused by elbow movement dysfunction, evaluated by "Assessment for Body Impairment of the Injured in Road Traffic Accident" (ABIR) with that evaluated by "Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (GEPI)". METHODS: The impairment degrees of 70 persons with elbow joint movement dysfunction were evaluated by ABIR and GEPI, respectively. And the evaluation results were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: There was statistical difference between the results. When the elbow movement could not reach to the functional position, there was great difference between the results. When the elbow movement could reach to the functional position, the difference became smaller. The degrees of impairment, which were evaluated by ABIR, were the same when the elbow joint was rigidity with ankylosis in different positions. The degrees of the dysfunction evaluated by ABIR did not change, but the degrees evaluated by GEPI were V-shape change. CONCLUSION The difference of upper limb dysfunction degrees evaluated by ABIR and GEPI dependent on whether or not to consider the position of elbow joint rigidity.
Accidents, Traffic ; China ; Disability Evaluation ; Female ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Guidelines as Topic/standards* ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Male ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Retrospective Studies ; United States ; Upper Extremity/physiopathology* ; Elbow Injuries

At present the sight impairment evaluation in forensic medicine of China is based on the international classification of disease by WHO in 1973. The main measured indicator is "best corrected visual acuity". It is different from "presenting distance visual acuity" in some situations. In the new blindness and vision loss classification made by WHO in 2003, "presenting distance visual acuity" took the place of the "best corrected visual acuity". In the practice of forensic medicine, "presenting distance visual acuity" can not reflect the real visual acuity duo to the exaggeration or disguise of the wounded. We suggest to use "the best corrected presenting distance visual acuity" instead of "presenting distance visual acuity" in order to avoid the influences of the exaggeration or disguise of the wounded.
Activities of Daily Living ; Blindness/diagnosis* ; China ; Expert Testimony ; Forensic Medicine ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Vision Disorders/diagnosis* ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Field Tests/standards* ; Visual Fields ; Visually Impaired Persons ; World Health Organization