The foot is an essential organ in the locomotion and activity of our daily living, however, its importance has always been underestimated, and foot diseases have not received much attention either from patients ormedical doctors. Recently with the advancement of technology and sophistication of modern life, one can witness a growing interest in various foot diseases in conjunction with an increased trend of many medial centers opening special foot clinics. Unlike in other muscu-Ioskeletal parts, the diagnosis of a foot disease is easy through simple history taking and physical examination, and also the treatment is relatively easy. One important thing to keep in mind is that many foot diseases result from wearing inappropriate shoes therefore the diagnosis of a foot disease should always involve an examination of the patient's shoes, and in some cases patients may require a therapeutic prescription of special shoes. It is the objective of this paper to discuss diagnostic approachesand conservative treatment modalities in common foot diseases.
Diagnosis* ; Foot Diseases* ; Foot* ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Physical Examination ; Prescriptions ; Shoes

No abstract available.
Foot* ; Hand* ; Herpangina* ; Mouth Diseases* ; Mouth*

PURPOSE: The most common cause of plantar ulceration is an excessive plantar pressure in patients with peripheral neuropathy. Foot orthosis and therapeutic footwear have been used to decrease the plantar pressure and prevent the plantar ulceration in in diabetes patients. We investigated whether protective sock with functional insoles reduce plantar pressure while walking in 17 diabetes patients. METHODS: An in-shoe measurement device was used to measure the peak plantar pressure while walking. Peak plantar pressure data were collected while walking under two conditions: 1) wearing diabetic sock and 2) wearing the protective sock with functional insoles. Each subject walked 3 times in 10-m corridor under three conditions, and data were collected in 3 steps in the middle of corridor with in right and left feet, respectively. Pared t-test was used to compare the peak plantar pressures in three plantar areas under these two conditions. RESULTS: The protective sock with functional insoles significantly reduced the peak plantar pressure on the lateral rearfoot, but significantly increased the peak plantar pressure on the middle forefoot, and medial midfoot (p < 0.05). However, there were not significant in medial and lateral forefoot, lateral midfoot, and medial rearfoot between diabetic sock and the protective sock conditions (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The protective sock with functional insoles reduced plantar pressures in the rearfoot and supported the medial longitudinal arch. However, it is necessary to change the position of metatarsal pad in the insole design of forefoot area to prevent diabetic foot ulceration.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Foot ; Foot Orthoses ; Foot Ulcer ; Foot* ; Humans ; Metatarsal Bones ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Ulcer ; Walking

Participation of the population in sports activity is increasing. The life expectancy is also on the rise. In addition, the average initial age of women who wear heels is decreasing. For this reason, the incidence of foot disease such as ankle instability, foot deformity, and degenerative joint disease is becoming increasingly common. There is a wide spectrum of foot disease. Common foot disease that can be treated from outpatient base will be discussed in this review.
Animals ; Ankle ; Diabetic Foot ; Female ; Foot ; Foot Deformities ; Foot Diseases ; Hallux Valgus ; Heel ; Humans ; Incidence ; Joint Diseases ; Life Expectancy ; Outpatients ; Sports

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ultrasonographic features of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tenosynovitis in sports players. High-resoluted ultrasound was used to measure the thickness and echogenicity of the flexor hallucis longus at the posteromedial ankle, especially the fibro-osseous tunnel, for 60 sports players (120 feet). They were compared with their asymptomatic feet. There were two group; group 1 was symptomatic feet, 2 was asymptomatic. The 36 males (72 feet) and 24 females (48 feet) had an average age of 21.3 years (range, 18.23 years). Thickness, echogenicity of the tendon on each group were evaluated by the ultrasonography and the results were statistically analyzed. The mean thickness of the FHL on group 1 was 3.4+/-1.2 mm, 2.1+/-1.3 mm on group 2. There was significant difference between two groups (p=0.002). The thickness of FHL based on gender and location was not significant different (p>0.05). For group 1, increased thickness of the FHL and reduced echogenicity, peritendious fluid collection were observed in ultrasonographic findings.Increased thickness (>3 mm) and hypoechoic lesion, peritendinous fluid collection of the tendon were sonographic findings at the posteromedial ankle in the FHL tenosynovitis. The authors suggested that Ultrasonography is a valuable and alternative tool for the evaluation of FHL tenosynovitis.
Ankle ; Athletes ; Female ; Foot ; Foot Diseases ; Humans ; Male ; Sports* ; Tendons ; Tenosynovitis* ; Ultrasonography

In the treatment of this complicated diabetic foot patient, we need an effective treatment principle because the complicated diabetic foot patient needs a longer hospitalization period and suffers from more frequent recurrences. We reviewed 43 diabetic foot patients who were treated in our department during the past 4 years. The 43 patients were divided into 4 groups according to their combined complications. Group A was the simple diabetic foot group(no complication group, n = 17). Group B was the diabetic foot group combined with the extensive cellulitis(n = 9). Group C was the diabetic foot group combined with the peripheral vascular disease(n = 8). Group D was the diabetic foot group combined with the renal failure(n = 9). As a results, wide range of reconstructive methods can be selected in the simple diabetic foot group. In group B, early and wide debridement was important to control the infection and later flap reconstruction was appropriate. In group C, the bypass operation should be desperate before improving the circulation of lower extremities, and therefore we successfully reconstructed the foot with various metohds including plantar V-Y advancement flap, considered as the most useful in our series. In group D, recurrence was more frequent and lower extremity amputations above the ankle level couldn't be avoided in spite of many operations and longer hospitalization. Therefore consideration of early amputaiotn is recommended for the effective treatment of this group.
Amputation ; Ankle ; Debridement ; Diabetic Foot* ; Foot ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Peripheral Vascular Diseases* ; Recurrence ; Renal Insufficiency*

The cavus foot is a deformity characterized by an elevated medial longitudinal arch and a hindfoot varus with plantarflexed 1st ray. The etiology of cavus foot is usually related to neuromuscular disease or idiopathic cause. Thorough clinical and radiographic evaluation is required for differentiating etiology of the cavus. Most cases of cavus foot are stable and slowly progressive deformities which can initially be managed with conservative treatment including orthoses and physical therapies. Determining whether the deformity is flexible or rigid, the apex of the deformity and any muscle imbalances in foot and ankle is important for achievement of an adequately balanced plantigrade foot. Treatment should include systematic preoperative planning for selection of appropriate procedures for maintaining a functional and flexible foot with combinations of soft-tissue release, osteotomy, tendon transfer, and arthrodesis.
Ankle ; Arthrodesis ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Diagnosis* ; Foot Deformities ; Foot* ; Neuromuscular Diseases ; Orthotic Devices ; Osteotomy ; Tendon Transfer

This study explored the potential utility of gait analysis using a single sensor unit (inertial measurement unit [IMU]) as a simple tool to detect peripheral neuropathy in people with diabetes. Seventeen people (14 men) aged 63±9 years (mean±SD) with diabetic peripheral neuropathy performed a 10-m walk test instrumented with an IMU on the lower back. Compared to a reference healthy control data set (matched by gender, age, and body mass index) both spatiotemporal and gait control variables were different between groups, with walking speed, step time, and SDa (gait control parameter) demonstrating good discriminatory power (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve >0.8). These results provide a proof of principle of this relatively simple approach which, when applied in clinical practice, can detect a signal from those with known diabetes peripheral neuropathy. The technology has the potential to be used both routinely in the clinic and for tele-health applications. Further research should focus on investigating its efficacy as an early indicator of or effectiveness of the management of peripheral neuropathy. This could support the development of interventions to prevent complications such as foot ulceration or Charcot's foot.
Accelerometry ; Dataset ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetic Neuropathies ; Foot ; Foot Ulcer ; Gait ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Walking

Diabetic foot diseases which require surgical treatment consists of diabetic foot ulcer, infection and neuropathic arthropathy. Surgical procedures for diabetic foot ulcers and infections such as drainage, debridement, partial foot amputation and major limb amputation are most common procedures and arthodesis with or without deformity correction can be performed for specific diabetic neuropathic arthropathies. Underlying pathomechanism of diabetic foot disease includes diabetic peripheral neuropathy and vasculopathy. Treating physicians should be aware that concomitant complications of long-standing diabetic status such as cardiovascular and renal dysfunction should be addressed to treat intractable diabetic foot diseases successfully. However, with advent of adjuvant treatment which increases vascular supply on ischemic limb disease, proper surgical treatment on diabetic foot disease can prevent or delay major limb amputations, sustaining functional capability of diabetic patients.
Amputation ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Debridement ; Diabetic Foot ; Drainage ; Extremities ; Foot ; Humans ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Ulcer

Muller-Weiss disease is a rare disease presenting severe deformity of navicular with osteoarthritis. This disease can be confused with Kohler's disease, but has a different entity. A 68 years-old male with painful mid-foot deformity had diagnosed as Muller-Weiss disease, and triple arthrodesis with autogenous iliac bone graft had been performed on his left foot. Here is a report of our case with brief review of this disease.
Arthrodesis ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Foot ; Humans ; Male ; Osteoarthritis ; Rare Diseases ; Transplants