Objective To investigate the preventive therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of single chain variable fragments chimeric protein (SD) of ovalbumin epitopes internalizing receptor DEC-205 antibody on food allergy in mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided to five groups (control, PBS, scFv DEC 100 μg, SD 50 μg, SD 100 μg) and treated for 24 hours before OVA administration. After challenge, the serum level of OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, IgG2a and IL-4 were detected by ELISA. Infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in the jejunum was observed by HE staining and toluidine blue staining respectively. The bone marrow of tibia and femur was isolated and cultured to obtain immature dendritic cells(BMDCs), which were further treated with LPS (10 ng/mL), TSLP (50 ng/mL), scFv DEC protein (1000 ng/mL) and SD protein (10,100,1000)ng/mL for 24 hours, and the IL-10 level of supernatant was assayed by ELISA. Results Compared with PBS group, the number of SD-treated mice with diarrhea was markedly reduced. The difference in rectal temperature and the levels of serum OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, IgG2a and IL-4 decreased significantly after prophylactic administration of SD; The number of eosinophils and mast cells in jejunum also decreased significantly while the IL-10 level in the supernatant of BMDCs increased significantly after SD intervention. Conclusion SD mitigates experimental FA response by fosters the immune tolerance property of dendritic cells.
Mice ; Animals ; Ovalbumin ; Interleukin-10 ; Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics* ; Immunoglobulin E ; Epitopes/therapeutic use* ; Interleukin-4 ; Food Hypersensitivity/prevention & control* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics* ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Disease Models, Animal

The prevalence and patterns of food allergy are highly variable in different parts of the world. Differences in food allergy epidemiology may be attributed to a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, suggesting that mechanisms of food allergy may differ in various global populations. Genetic polymorphisms, migration, climate, and infant feeding practices all modulate food allergy risk, and possibly also the efficacy of interventions aimed at primary prevention of food allergy development. Approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of food allergy should thus be tailored carefully to each population's unique genetic and environmental make-up. Future research in the context of food allergy prevention should focus on elucidating factors determining differential responses between populations.
Climate ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Epigenomics ; Food Hypersensitivity* ; Genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prevalence ; Primary Prevention

Food allergy is an immune-mediated adverse reaction that occurs mainly by consumption of food. Some of the children with food allergies have mild symptoms like urticaria and pruritus, while others manifest fatal symptoms like anaphylaxis. Many cases develop in infants and children, and disappear spontaneously over time. The prevalence of food allergy is known to be up to 6% of children and 3%–4% of adults. Growing concern is that prevalence of food allergy seems to be increasing. The prevalence, common allergens and natural course of food allergy vary according to the race, age, eating habits, and unknown factors. In Korea, many researchers have reported regional data on food allergy for comparison with those of foreign countries. Awareness is increasing and food labelling is being established to help people avoid allergenic foods. In the future, monitoring of prevalence and common food allergens at regular intervals is needed to make appropriate policies for children with food allergy. There are still lack of data on pathogenesis, natural course and clinical trials of immunotherapy in Korean children. In addition, it is necessary to form a consensus on primary prevention of food allergy by early exposure to allergenic foods. Further regional studies should be performed to expand our understanding of food allergy and to lead to proper management for Korean children with food allergy.
Adult ; Allergens ; Anaphylaxis ; Child* ; Consensus ; Continental Population Groups ; Eating ; Food Hypersensitivity* ; Food Labeling ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Infant ; Korea ; Prevalence ; Primary Prevention ; Pruritus ; Urticaria

Anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and might cause death when not treated promptly. Recently, the prevalence of anaphylaxis has been increasing worldwide, especially in children, and food-induced anaphylaxis is rapidly increasing. With the establishment of the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease in 1987, awareness of anaphylaxis has been heightened in Korea as well. Initially, it was considered a clinical form of food or drug hypersensitivity, but not a single disease entity. After the second symposium on anaphylaxis in 2006 and the World Allergy Organization guideline on anaphylaxis in 2011, research more focused on anaphylaxis is ongoing. The study of anaphylaxis in Korean children was initially restricted to case reports due to novel triggers. Thereafter, research on the age-specific prevalence of anaphylaxis was conducted using the national big data and more recently, a large-scale hospital-based multicenter study was conducted. Also, reliable data on food-induced anaphylaxis have been attained through a large-scale multicenter case study and a population-based epidemiological study on food allergy and currently, a prospective multicenter anaphylaxis registry has been launched funded by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These series of studies have contributed to the international competitiveness in pediatric anaphylaxis research. However, there are still unmet needs such as diagnosis, severity, treatment or intervention of anaphylaxis, education for the prevention of recurrence, and establishment of policies for social safety. Further studies addressing these issues will contribute to improvement of quality of life and overcoming of the disease.
Anaphylaxis* ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Hypersensitivity ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Financial Management ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Korea ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life ; Recurrence

Allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and food allergy, are preventable diseases. Primary prevention strategies of allergic diseases have been in scrutiny. Effective prevention strategies maybe started prenatally, postnatally, during infancy, and even during childhood. These guidelines have been prepared by the Philippine Society of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the Philippine Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. They aim to provide evidence-based recommendations for the dietary primary prevention of allergic diseases in children. The primary audience of these guidelines is all healthcare practitioners who manage patients with potential allergic conditions. These guidelines are based on an exhaustive review of evidences, mostly systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies. However, there are still many gaps in the evidence of dietary primary prevention of allergic diseases.
Allergy and Immunology ; Asthma ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Delivery of Health Care ; Eczema ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Gastroenterology ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Primary Prevention ; Rhinitis, Allergic

Food allergy is common with the prevalence of 5%??% in Korean children. The development of food allergy is likely to reflect interactions between genetic factors and environmental exposure. To prevent food allergy, early exposure to food allergens through maternal and infant diet have been investigated. Recently, guidelines for primary prevention of food allergy have been updated, and consensus communication on early peanut introduction has been demonstrated. For the first 4?? months after birth, exclusive breast-feeding is recommended, and if impossible, extensively or partially hydrolyzed infant formula can be recommended in high-risk infants. Introducing complementary foods is recommended between 4 and 6 months of age, even in case of potentially allergenic foods such as egg, milk, and wheat. For the prevention of peanut allergy, early peanut introduction could be better than late peanut introduction in selected high-risk infants. However, infants who developed food allergy should avoid ingestion of specific offending foods.
Allergens ; Child ; Consensus ; Diet ; Eating ; Environmental Exposure ; Food Hypersensitivity* ; Humans ; Infant Formula ; Infant* ; Milk ; Ovum ; Parturition ; Peanut Hypersensitivity ; Prevalence ; Primary Prevention ; Triticum

Serious tick-induced allergies comprise mammalian meat allergy following tick bites and tick anaphylaxis. Mammalian meat allergy is an emergent allergy, increasingly prevalent in tick-endemic areas of Australia and the United States, occurring worldwide where ticks are endemic. Sensitisation to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) has been shown to be the mechanism of allergic reaction in mammalian meat allergy following tick bite. Whilst other carbohydrate allergens have been identified, this allergen is unique amongst carbohydrate food allergens in provoking anaphylaxis. Treatment of mammalian meat anaphylaxis involves avoidance of mammalian meat and mammalian derived products in those who also react to gelatine and mammalian milks. Before initiating treatment with certain therapeutic agents (e.g., cetuximab, gelatine-containing substances), a careful assessment of the risk of anaphylaxis, including serological analysis for α-Gal specific-IgE, should be undertaken in any individual who works, lives, volunteers or recreates in a tick endemic area. Prevention of tick bites may ameliorate mammalian meat allergy. Tick anaphylaxis is rare in countries other than Australia. Tick anaphylaxis is secondarily preventable by prevention and appropriate management of tick bites. Analysis of tick removal techniques in tick anaphylaxis sufferers offers insights into primary prevention of both tick and mammalian meat anaphylaxis. Recognition of the association between mammalian meat allergy and tick bites has established a novel cause and effect relationship between an environmental exposure and subsequent development of a food allergy, directing us towards examining environmental exposures as provoking factors pivotal to the development of other food allergies and refocusing our attention upon causation of allergy in general.
Allergens ; Anaphylaxis ; Australia ; Cetuximab ; Environmental Exposure ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Gelatin ; Hypersensitivity ; Meat ; Milk ; Primary Prevention ; Tick Bites ; Ticks ; United States ; Volunteers

OBJECTIVETo investigate the preventive effect of probiotics on pediatric food allergy.

METHODSFrom MEDLINE bibliographical database, we searched and reviewed all randomized controlled trials on the preventive effects of probiotics on pediatric food allergies up to September 2013 and excluded the studies that do not meet inclusion criteria and extracted the data. Meta-analysis for the results of homogenous studies was performed using RevMan 5.0 and the co-effect was pooled by using fixed-effects model of relative risk (RR) ratios.

RESULTSTen trials published between 2007 and 2012 including 2701 cases were included. Meta-analysis based on included data showed that the preventive effect of prenatal and postnatal probiotic supplementation on food allergies was not significant with the RR=0.88 (95% CI: 0.76-1.03).

CONCLUSIONPresent evidences cannot show in unequivocal terms that prenatal and postnatal probiotic supplementation will prevent food allergic diseases.

Food Hypersensitivity ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Probiotics ; therapeutic use ; Publication Bias ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

With the exception of shellfish, the overall food allergy rates in Singapore have not reached the epidemic proportions of the West. The rates of egg, milk and fish allergies remain low. However, the patterns of some food allergies in Singapore have changed over the last decade. For example, peanut allergy, once rare in Singapore, is now the most common cause of anaphylaxis in children. Studies analysing lifestyle practices, particularly with respect to prevention of food allergy, are necessary in order for practitioners to understand global differences and maintain this low prevalence.
Anaphylaxis ; diagnosis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Egg Hypersensitivity ; Fish Products ; Food Hypersensitivity ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; Peanut Hypersensitivity ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo measure the prevalence, the possible causes and the influencing factors of allergy, food hypersensitivity and food intolerance in 0-36 month old infants in 8 cities in China.

METHODTotally 2632 infants from the outpatient departments of prevention and health care of two representative hospitals in 8 Chinese cities were randomly selected by applying multistage cluster sampling method from October 2011 to March 2012, and a one-on-one survey to infants' parents was conducted to investigate infants' sensitization status.

RESULTSelf-reported infant allergy rate was 17.97% (473/2632) ; self-reported food hypersensitivity and food intolerance rates were 6.53% (172/2632) and 4.26% (112/2632) , respectively. The proportion of self-reported food hypersensitivity of 0-12 months old infants was 4.47% (74/1656) and their top five allergens in a descending order were eggs (28.38%) , shrimp (25.68%) , fish (21.62%) , milk (18.92%) and wheat (4.05%) . The proportion of self-reported 13-36 months old infant's food hypersensitivity was 10.05% (98/976) . The top five allergens were shrimp (33.93%) , fish (26.79%) , eggs (23.21%) , milk (12.50%) and soy (3.57%) in 13-24 months group, while fish (38.24%) , shrimp (35.29%) , eggs (20.59%) , milk (20.59%) and peanuts (2.94%) in 25-36 months group. Both 7-12 and 13-24 month old were the highest incidence (both of them were 11.98%, 58/484) of age for developing food hypersensitivity and 7-12-month old was also the highest incidence (8.47%, 41/484) of age for food intolerance. The self-reported food intolerance rate was 3.68% (61/1656) and 5.23% (51/976) in the two age groups, respectively. Age, parental history of allergy and father's educational level (OR was 2.452, 1.482 and 2.598, respectively, P < 0.01) were the risk factors of food hypersensitivity; within two weeks of sickness (OR = 1.267, P < 0.05) was the risk factor of food intolerance.

CONCLUSIONInfancy was the most vulnerable period of life of getting allergy, therefore, it is necessary for all infants to prevent allergy through a variety of effective strategies.

Age Distribution ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Dietary Proteins ; adverse effects ; Egg Hypersensitivity ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Eggs ; adverse effects ; Female ; Food Hypersensitivity ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant Food ; adverse effects ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Risk Factors ; Sampling Studies ; Sex Distribution ; Surveys and Questionnaires