Hemorrhagic shock is a medical complication caused by the reduction of circulation blood in body. The routine treatment of hemorrhagic shock is to infuse blood or substitute. However, the duration of blood storage is short,the procedures for matching of blood are necessary, and there is the risk of spreading some hematogenous diseases. All these have limited the use of blood-transfusion in the emergent situations such as disaster and war. Thus, the research of blood substitutes is promoted. Considering the scarcity of domestic research report on the use of blood substitutes for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock, we present an overview in this paper.
Animals ; Blood Substitutes ; therapeutic use ; Fluorocarbons ; therapeutic use ; Hemoglobins ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; therapy

The term "blood substitutes" includes plasma substitutes and blood cell substitutes in the broad sense, but in its narrow sense, it means red blood cell (RBC) substitutes, platelet substitutes and white blood cell (WBC) substitutes. The RBC substitutes includes perfluorocarbon, hemoglobin-based and encapsuled substitutes. The hemoglobin-based substitutes which was widely researched in the world includes human hemoglobin-based, animal hemoglobin-based and gene recombined hemoglobin based substitutes. The function and immunology of WBC is very complicated, so it is rarely used in clinic. Nowadays the platelet substitutes pursued by the researches and developments includes mainly the liposome and collagenic fiber species substitutes.
Blood Substitutes ; chemical synthesis ; Fluorocarbons ; chemistry ; Hemoglobins ; chemistry ; Humans ; Recombinant Proteins ; chemistry ; Tissue Engineering ; methods

Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Fluorine ; blood ; Fluorocarbons ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Rabbits ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of temperature on the partition coefficient of isoflurane and sevoflurane in perflurocarbonate emulsion (Oxygent(TM)).

METHODSThe partition coefficients of isoflurane and sevoflurane in perflurocarbonate emulsion (Oxygent(TM)) were measured at different temperatures (4, 22, 27, 32 and 37 degrees celsius;) using syringe-flask double headspace equilibration technique with gas chromatography, and the relationship between the partition coefficients and the temperature was analyzed.

RESULTSAt 4, 22, 27, 32 and 37 degrees celsius;, the partition coefficients of isoflurane in Oxygent(TM) were 85.30∓5.60, 40.48∓1.09, 37.14∓3.64, 27.38∓2.28 and 24.66∓1.03, and those of sevoflurane were 91.54∓5.40, 42.50∓0.91, 37.21∓2.76, 25.43∓1.03 and 28.05∓1.74, respectively. The partition coefficients of sevoflurane at 4, 22 and 37 degrees celsius; were significantly higher than those of isoflurane (P<0.05). The regression equations between the partition coefficient and temperature for isoflurane and sevoflurane were Y=-1.893X+89.20 (R(2)=0.942) and Y=-2.075X+95.58 (R(2)=0.951), respectively. An inverse linear relationship was found between temperature and the partition coefficient.

CONCLUSIONWithin a specified range of temperatures, the partition coefficients isoflurane and sevoflurane decrease as the temperature increases. Sevoflurane shows a high solubility in Oxygent(TM) as compared to isoflurane.

Anesthetics, Inhalation ; chemistry ; Blood Substitutes ; chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Drug Carriers ; Fluorocarbons ; chemistry ; Isoflurane ; chemistry ; Methyl Ethers ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Temperature

AIMTo develop a method for direct determination of perfluoropropane in canine whole blood and to study its pharmacokinetics after a suspension of perfluoropropane-containing albumin microcapsules was administered intravenously.

METHODSPerfluoropropane-containing albumin microcapsule suspension was administered intravenously to anesthetized canines at the dosage of 0.6 mL x kg(-1). Whole blood samples were collected and added directly into the purging glass tube in Tekmar 3000 Purge and Trap Concentrator coupled with a GC-MS for the determination of perfluoropropane. The pharmacokinetic parameters of perfluoropropane were calculated by non-compartment model statistics.

RESULTSThe linear range was 0.0168-4.03 mg x L(-1). The main pharmacokinetic parameters of perfluoropropane was obtained as follows: mean residence time (MRT) was (63 +/- 5) s, T1/2 was (44 +/- 4) s, Tmax was 30 s, Cmax was (2.20 +/- 0.20) mg x L(-1), AUC0-infinity was (96 +/- 11) mg x s x L(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe method is sensitive, specific and simple. It can be used to determine fluorocarbon contained in microcapsule ultrasound contrast agents for studying its pharmacokinetics.

Albumins ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Capsules ; Dogs ; Fluorocarbons ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Injections, Intravenous

Abortion, Spontaneous/epidemiology* ; Adult ; Caprylates/blood* ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; Female ; Fluorocarbons/blood* ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, First ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

The shortage of healthy blood resource and the problem of virus infection have urged the study of blood substitute. The technologies of modified hemoglobin, perfluorocarbons and Hb-vesicles have been developing quickly, and some of which have already been formed into large-scale preparation and production. However, there is no completed evaluation system for the blood substitute at present, and it is still hard to estimate the function of blood substitute completely. This article takes the evaluation of the blood substitute as a key point, discusses the evaluation parameters of blood substitute, and presents the physical and chemical property, the availability and safety as well as the preservation condition of the blood substitute. The data concerned are based on the studies in China and abroad and referred to the latest progress all over the world.
Animals ; Blood Substitutes ; administration & dosage ; standards ; Chemical Phenomena ; Erythrocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Fluorocarbons ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Hemoglobins ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Quality Control

Red blood cell substitutes are a group of oxygen carriers designed to temporarily replace transfused blood. Current developing products include perfluorocarbon-based and hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier. Each product is unique in its limitations and advantages. A number of products are in advanced clinical trials and nearing market. When they are available for use it is likely that development will accelerate and even better products will substantially alleviate the world-wide shortage of blood for transfusion.
Blood Substitutes ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Fluorocarbons ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Hemoglobins ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo establish of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model in canine after inhalation of perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB), and to observe the progressing of lung injury, and to study the mechanisms of injury.

METHODSA device of inhalation of PFIB for canine was made. The concentration of PFIB was 0.30 - 0.32 mg/L. Serum IL-6 and IL-8 were dynamically measured. Clinical manifestations, pathology of organs in canine were observed.

RESULTS(1) During inhalation, the concentration of PFIB remained stable; (2) After inhalation, blood arterial oxygen partial pressure fell gradually, and eventually met the criteria for diagnosing ARDS; (3) The level of IL-8 in serum rises significantly after inhalation (P < 0.05), whereas that of IL-6 was not obviously altered (P > 0.05); (4) Within 6 hours after inhalation, no abnormality in canine was observed, but afterwards symptoms gradually appeared, and typical breath of ARDS, such as high frequency and lower level could be seen in later phase; (5) Pathological examination showed severe congestion, edema and atelectasis in most part of both lungs, and signs of anoxia in other organs.

CONCLUSIONS(1) The device designed is capable of ensuring control of inhalation of PFIB; (2) Exposure to PFIB for 30 mins, canines all met the criteria for diagnosing ARDS 22 hours after inhalation, therefore the modeling is successful; (3) PFIB specifically damages the lung by causing excessive inflammation.

Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Female ; Fluorocarbons ; toxicity ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Interleukin-8 ; blood ; Lung ; drug effects ; pathology ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; blood ; chemically induced

We sought to know whether there is a further improvement in gas exchange when partial liquid ventilation (PLV) is added to high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in a piglet model of saline lavage-induced acute lung injury. Seven 7-9 day-old newborn piglets of mixed strain were treated with repeated saline lavage to achieve a uniform degree of acute lung injury. Then, HFOV were applied to the subject. Four animals received two consecutive doses (15 mL/kg) of perfluorodecalin at 30-min interval (PFC+HFOV group). The other three animals remained on HFOV alone (HFOV-only group). Repetitive lung lavage led to a significant acute aggravation in both gas exchange and hemodynamic parameters. Subsequent application of HFOV produced a significant rapid recovery in both gas exchange and hemodynamic parameters to near baseline levels. During and after perfluorodecalin dosing, there were no significant changes in gas exchange or hemodynamic parameters over time in both groups, and no significant differences in gas exchange or hemodynamic parameters between groups. We concluded that the addition of 30 mL/kg of perfluorodecalin to HFOV showed no detrimental effect on hemodynamics, but did not produce a significant improvement in gas exchange over a three-hour period.
Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blood Pressure ; Fluorocarbons/*pharmacology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Liquid Ventilation ; Lung/injuries/pathology ; Oscillometry ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Pulmonary Gas Exchange ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Swine ; Time Factors