The complaint of tearing may be due to 1) partial or complete obstruction of the excretory mechanism, 2) increased lacrimal secretion, or 3) decreased basic lacrimal secretion. So the physician should ascertain whether an excess of tears or obstruction of excretory mechanism is present. The most widely used tests for this purpose are the Schirmer test, Jones test and fluorescein dye disappearance test. The Jones test consist of Jones I test and Jones II test, which determine the functional and anatomical integrity of the lacrimal excretory system. In this study, Schirmer test, Jones test and fluorescein dye disappearance test were performed on 400 normal and 100 abnormal eyes to determine the secretion and excretion of tears.
Fluorescein ; Tears*

Artificial chorioretinal inflammation was produced by the application of the cryothermy, diathermy, or photocoagulation in man. The inflammatory reactions were followed-up by fluorescein angiography. Inflammatory lesion showed fluorescein leakage and pooling at the first postoperative day Cessation of leakage was seen niter the 10th postoperative dey regardless of method of inflammation production. Pigment stippling was seen at about 4-5 days after moderate to heavy cryo-application, but about 11-12 days after moderate intensity of photocoagulation and diathermy.
Diathermy ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Fluorescein* ; Inflammation* ; Light Coagulation

PURPOSE: To compare the corneal first surface higher-order aberrations (HOAs) of normal subjects and patients with dry eye using KR-1W(R) (Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and Pentacam(R) HR (Oculus Inc., Dutenhofen, Germany). We analyzed the relationship between the aberrations and the diagnostic parameters of dry eye. METHODS: We evaluated anterior corneal HOAs in 71 normal eyes and 71 dry eyes using KR-1W(R) and Pentacam(R). Dry eye patients were examined for fluorescein staining, tear break-up time (TBUT), and Schirmer I test. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was used for assessment of subjective symptoms in dry eye patients. RESULTS: HOAs measured by both instruments were greater in the dry eye group than in the control group, although HOAs using KR-1W(R) only achieved statistical significance. The anterior corneal HOAs measured by the 2 instruments were significantly correlated with superficial punctate keratitis. Moreover, TBUT and the Shirmer I test negatively correlated, and OSDI positively correlated, with anterior corneal HOAs. CONCLUSIONS: The HOAs in patients with dry eye were significantly different from controls and tended to increase with disease severity. KR-1W(R) might be more useful than Pentacam(R) to detect tear film instabilities.
Fluorescein ; Humans ; Keratitis ; Tears

A study was carried out on 55 eyes of 29 volunteers aged from 21 to 47 years old in order to find out the average values of the fluorescein dye disappearance test (FDD test) in the young people - a group at high risk of canalicular lacerations. The results showed that, with 0.5% solution of fluorescein commonly used in daily practice, the average height of lacrimal streams dyed with fluorescein is 0.18 mm with standard deviation of 0.09 mm. This is the first work to define quantitatively the values of the FDD test on normal eyes. The results of the research could be basic data to evaluate outcomes of reconstructive canalicular surgery.
Fluorescein ; Eye ; Lacerations

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a complication that occurs in patients undergoing an imaging procedure with intravenous injection of contrast media, most notably iodinated dyes. Fluorescein angiography is a diagnostic procedure performed by ophthalmologists to determine abnormalities in retinal blood vessels. It uses sodium fluorescein, an organic dye, to capture and visualize these blood vessels. There have been conflicting data and practices on how to approach the procedure especially in patients with renal insufficiency. Objective: To determine the risk of CIN among patients undergoing fluorescein angiography. Methods: We searched PubMed, HerdIn, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, for published articles on the topic. Other sources were searched for unpublished data or ongoing clinical trials. All research articles pertaining to fluorescein angiography and its effect on renal function with serum creatinine monitoring were included. Two independent authors separately screened records, assessed full texts, and extracted data. We used RevMan computer software to analyze data from the included studies. The primary outcome was the risk of CIN among patients undergoing fluorescein angiography based on the differences on serum creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rates pre- and post-angiography, while the secondary outcome included risk factors for CIN. Results: A total of 6 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Four studies had poor quality as assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. One study was deemed to have good quality. Data analysis showed that hemoglobin (p = 0.002) and albumin (p < 0.001) levels may be associated with CIN using sodium fluorescein but were not independent risk factors for CIN (multivariable logistic regression, p = 0.648 and p = 0.069, respectively); while sex, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were not significantly associated. As a primary outcome, only 6.8% of included patients had CIN with serum creatinine levels post-exposure showed significant differences from baseline values (mean difference 0.05; 95% CI 0.02, 0.07; I2 = 49%), but translating it to eGFR yielded non-significant differences (mean difference -0.37; 95% CI -2.33, 1.59; I2 = 0%). Conclusion Among patients undergoing fluorescein angiography, sodium fluorescein does not pose an increased risk for CIN.
fluorescein angiography ; renal function

Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome is a clinical disorder of unknown etiology that affects primarily the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors, usually manifests with acute visual loss or blurred vision. The course of MEWDS is recoverable over several weeks. Characteristic ocular manifestations may include multiple white dots in the deep retina of posterior pole, granularity of the macula, optic disc edema, and vitreous cells. Fluorescein angiography shows small punctate areas of hyper-fluorescence at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium corresponding to the white dots and late fluorescein staining, fluorescein leakage from disc capillaries. We experienced a case of suspected Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome with Ebstein-Barr virus infection and reviewed the available literatures regarding the disease entity.
Capillaries ; Edema ; Fluorescein ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Retina ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium

After injection of See of 10% fluorescein sodium into the antecubital vein, the arm-to-retinal times of 22 normal adults were measured by watching through KOWA fundus camera (exciter filter: Fuji 18, barrier filter: Kodak Wratten 15G), and the retinal circulation times of 13 normal adults were measured with pictures of the serial fluorescein angiography by ZEISS fundus camera (exciter filter: Kodak Wratten 47A, barrier filter: Schott GG14). The normal ranges and the mean values of arm-to-retinal time and retinal circulation time are: 1. Arm-to-retina time; 9.0 sec. - 21.5 sec. (mean; 14.1 sec.). 2. Retinal circulation time; a. Early venous phase; 1.0 sec. - 5.0 sec. (mean; 2.6 sec.). b. Late venous phase; 4.5 sec. - 11.0 sec. (mean: 8.1 sec.).
Adult ; Fluorescein ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Reference Values ; Retinaldehyde* ; Veins

PURPOSE: To evaluated the fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic findings (FAG and ICGA) of each stage in vitelliform macular dystrophy. METHODS: In this study (3 patients, 6 eyes), the stage of macula lesion was classified as follows: stage A (vitelliform), stage B (pseudohypopyon), stage C (scrambled egg), stage D (early cicatricial), and stage E (advanced cicatricial). RESULTS: At stage A, the lesion was hypofluorescent in the early phase and was hyperfluorescent in the late phase of both FAG and ICGA. At stage B, FAG showed hyperfluorescent in the upper portion and hypofluorescent in the lower portion of the lesion. ICGA showed hypofluorescent in the upper portion. However, ICGA showed hypofluorescent in the early and hyperfluorescent in the late phase in the lower portion. At stage C, the lesion was hypofluorescent in the early phase and hyperfluorescent in the late phase of both FAG and ICGA. At stage D, FAG showed hyperfluorescent and ICGA showed hypofluorescent. At stage E, FAG showed central hypofluorescent lesions and a hyperfluorescent ring. While ICGA showed typically hypofluorescent. CONCLUSIONS: The FAG and ICGA findings showed variable patterns according to the evolution of the lesion.
Fluorescein ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Indocyanine Green ; Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy*

PURPOSE: To compare the anterior segment parameters including precorneal tear film thickness (PTFT) using Pentacam(R) (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) between normal control and dry eye groups and to examine the relationships between the PTFT and other parameters for dry eye. METHODS: The present study included 23 normal controls (31 eyes) and 25 patients with dry eyes (31 eyes). We compared measurements including PTFT, corneal thickness and astigmatism using Pentacam(R) and analyzed the correlations among the PTFT and fluorescein tear break-up time (FBUT), Schirmer I test (without anesthesia), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI). RESULTS: The mean PTFT in dry eyes (21.1 +/- 2.0 microm) was significantly thinner than in normal eyes (37.6 +/- 2.0 microm; p < 0.01). In the dry eye group, the corneal thickness was thicker than in the normal eye group but there were no clinically significant differences. The dry eye group experienced more frequent and severe corneal astigmatism compared with the normal group. OSDI scores showed a weak negative correlation with objective clinical measures of dry eye (FBUT, Schirmer I test) but was not statistically significant. However, OSDI was statistically significantly negatively correlated with PTFT (r = -0.46, p < 0.01). The PTFT showed a weak positive correlation with FBUT and Schirmer I test without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The mean PTFT using Pentacam(R) in the dry eye group was thinner than in the normal group. Additionally, the PTFT was correlated with subjective symptoms. Therefore, the PTFT measurement using Pentacam(R) could be considered a useful method for diagnosis and treatment of dry eye.
Astigmatism ; Diagnosis ; Fluorescein ; Humans ; Tears*

The perilimbal suction cup was utilized to measure the rate of aqueous flow according to the Ericson's method. Suction pressure of 50 mmHg for 15 minutes was applied and the rate of aqueous flow was calcula ted from the resultant increase of intraocular pressure, using the Friedenwald's table. Twenty eyes from 20 healthy normal individuals were investigated. The average rate of flow was found to be 0.66 cu.mm/min., ranging from 0.45 to 0.86 cu.mm./min. The increased intra-ocular pressure induced by the suction cup returned to original normal level within 15 minutes after the removal of the suction cup. This estimate of the rate of aqueous flow is less than that obtained by tonography, fluorescein and perfusion studies. The fatcors responsible for this low value, e.g., decreased aqueous formation due to elevated intraocular pressure, leakage of aqueous, etc., were discussed.
Fluorescein ; Intraocular Pressure ; Perfusion ; Suction*