OBJECTIVETo provide theoretical basis for artificial cross breeding of Angelica dahurica from Sichuan and Hebei Province, the characteristics of stigma receptivity and the viability and life-span of pollen were studied.

METHODThe viability and life-span of pollen were evaluated by TTC (2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazlium chloride) test, and the stigma receptivity was estimated by benzidine-H2O2 method.

RESULTThe pollen viability of A. dahurica from Sichuan and Hebei provinces was increased gradually since the bud stage, but those levels had since subsided after the pollen release from craze antheral. There was a little difference in the pollen viability of A. dahurica from Sichuan at different branches. While the order of the pollen viability of A. dahurica from Hebei was main stem < first-order branching < second-order branching. At room temperature, the pollen viability of both decreased during time of anthers dehiscing but also above 50% after 5 days. Compared with 4 degrees C and room temperature, conservation at - 20 degrees C could extend life of the pollen. The stigma had receptivity in 4th day and reached the highest level in the 6th day after blooming.

CONCLUSIONThe optimum artificial pollination times of A. dahurica was 6 days after blooming and choose the pollen in the peak stage of anthers dehiscing.

Angelica ; physiology ; Flowers ; physiology ; Pollen ; physiology

To determine the optimal condition of pollen germination. The pollen of Prunella vulgaris was cultured in vitro. Pollen germination rates were recorded using 10% H3BO4, 30% Ca(NO3)2, 20% MgSO4 and 10% KNO3 as the basic mineral medium with PEG of different molecular weight, sucrose of various density and multiple pH value. The rates were also measured under different cultivation temperature and pollen acquisition time. The optimal condition of pollen germination is 10% H3 BO4, 30% Ca(NO3)2, 20% MgSO4, 10% KNO3, and 25% PEG-4000 as the medium, with pH about 6. 5 and pollen acquired at the beginning of blossom.
Flowers ; physiology ; Pollen ; physiology ; Prunella ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo find the sexual reproduction characteristics and improve the seed propagation and new variety breeding of Fritillaria cirrhosa.

METHODFlower, anther and pistil development were observed. Pollinating in different development period and bagging were used to measure stigma maturity situation and natural outcrossing rate.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONIt took 12 days from floral bud emergency to finished flowering. It was observed that anther opened in longitudinal direction and pollen was ejected for 2-4 days continuously. Pistil matured earlier, and chapiter could be fertilized from middle bud stage the third day after flowering, but the most suitable time was 2-3 day after the corolla opening. The natural outcrossing rate was 81.9%. F. cirrhosa is a typical xenial plant.

Flowers ; physiology ; Fritillaria ; physiology ; Pollination ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo reveal the flowering characteristics and provide theoretical basis for the breeding and cultivation of Lamium barbatum.

METHODThe field observation and investigation of blooming phenophase were applied in the study growth dynamics of inflorescence and the period of the floret were measured. Then the statistic analyses of them were carried out. The pollen viability was evaluated by TTC test and the stigma receptivity was evaluated by benzidine-H2O2 method.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe flowers of L. barbatum were bisexual, with 4 to 14 flowers in an inflorescence. The population came into bloom from April to June and the blossom of a single flower could last about 3 days. Pollination peak lasted 8 hours from the very beginning of blooming, and the high stigma receptive stage remained during the same period of time. The results indicated that the breeding system of L. barbatum was outcrossing with self-compatibility and pollinators were needed based on the outcrossing index. The most frequent floral visitors were bees. The suitable breeding strategy was also discussed.

Breeding ; Flowers ; physiology ; Lamiaceae ; physiology ; Pollination

A field investigation was conducted on the floral syndrome and breeding system of Corydalis edulis located in natural populations in campus of Anhui Normal University by out-crossing index, pollen-ovule ratio, artificial pollination and bagging experiment. The results showed that the plant was in bloom from March to May and flowering span among populations was 72 days. The flowering span for a raceme was 14-24 days. The life span of one single flower was approximately 5-10 days. Spatial positioning of stigma and anthers were spatially desperation on the day of anthesis. The filaments were shorter than the styles through pollen vitality and stigma receptivity experiments. A self-pollination breeding system was reflected by OCI 3, pollinators were required sometimes; A complex cross bred was indicated by P/O = 857.14, combined with the results of the bagging and artificial pollination experiment, the breeding system of C. edulis was mixed with self-pollination and outcrossing. The special floral structure and pests destroying may have a certain impact on seed-set rate.
Breeding ; Corydalis ; physiology ; Flowers ; physiology ; Pollination ; physiology ; Reproduction ; physiology

OBJECTIVECurrent study on the pollination biology of Tulipa edulis was conducted to investigate its pollination characteristics and to provide references for artificial domestication and breeding of T. edulis.

METHODFlowering dynamics, pollinators, morphology and structure of flower were observed. Different methods were adopted to evaluate the pollen vitality, and benzidine-H2O2 method was used for estimation of the stigma receptivity. Breeding system was evaluated based on out-crossing index (OCI) , pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) and the results of emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination studies.

RESULTThe flower of T. edulis showed typical characteristics of Liliaceae. The pollen remained viable to some extent during all the anthesis and peaked within three days after blossoming. Stigma acceptability peaked in the first day of blossom and dwindled away in the next four days. The type of breeding system of T. edulis was facultative xenogamy, three species of Halictus are the main pollination insects.

CONCLUSIONThe type of breeding system of T. edulis was facultative xenogamy, withal cross-pollination give priority to self-pollination, and the insects play a main role on the pollination of T. edulis, further validation are needed to judge if the wind is helpful to pollination.

Breeding ; Flowers ; Pollen ; Pollination ; Tulipa ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo study four kinds of germplasm resources of Codonopsis pilosula and provide the basal mating systems data for the breeding and cultivation of C. pilosula.

METHOD0.5% TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) solution was used for the pollen viability test and benzidineand-H2O2 [1% benzidine in 60% ethanol,hydrogen peroxide (3%), and water, 4:11:22] was used for estimation of the stigma receptivity. The mating systems were tested by out crossing index (OC1), pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) and pollination by bagged and emasculated in the field.

RESULTThe pollen viability of C. pilosula reached highly about 80% when the pollen staying in the anther, 2-3 days before the petals opening. The anther began scattering pollen before the day of the petals opening, the pollen viability was the highest about 95%, the pollen stick thickly aroud the stigma and quickliy lost in the next day. The stigma life-span was about 4-5 days, the optimal time for pollination was the first day of the petals opening, when the stigma was highly sticky and yellow. The value of out crossing index (OC1) was 4, pollen-ovule ratio was between 104.84-185.75. The natural fructification rate of cross-pollination by emasculated-treatment was 25.6% 42.4%. The fructification rate and compatible index of self-pollination by bagged- treatment were about 3.3%-6.7% and 3.0-21.8.

CONCLUSIONThe mating system of C. pilosula is mixed with self-pollination and cross-pollination, prone to cross-pollination. The compatibility of self-pollination is high. The difference of maturing period of pistil and stamen and the lack of polen amount cause low fructification rate of self-pollination.

Codonopsis ; physiology ; Flowers ; physiology ; Ovule ; physiology ; Plants, Medicinal ; physiology ; Pollen ; physiology ; Pollination ; physiology ; Reproduction ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo study the characteristics of pollen viability and stigma receptivity of C. deserticola and provide theory basis for seed production and breeding of C. deserticola.

METHODDifferent physiological measurement methods were applied to evaluate pollen viability and stigma receptivity. The results of different methods were compared with the seed setting percentage of the cross-pollination in the field test and pollen germination percentage by fluoroscope observation methods. The changes of pollen vitality and stigma receptivity in different conditions were tested using proper methods.

RESULTThe optimum methods on pollen viability and stigma receptivity detection were MTT-test and Benzidine-Hydrogen Peroxide method respectively. Results showed that the mean pollen viability and stigma receptivity were both the highest in inchoate anthesis with pollen germination percentage up to 95%, and can maintain viable for 4-5 d, but at the lower temperature of 4 degrees C, the pollen can be stored up to 10 days.

CONCLUSIONThe physiological characteristics of pollen and stigma of C. deserticola displayed good ecological adaptation, which are much more adaptive to the large area of cultivation condition.

Adaptation, Biological ; Cistanche ; physiology ; Flowers ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Germination ; Pollen ; cytology ; physiology ; Pollination ; physiology ; Reproduction ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo provide the basal data for the breeding and cultivation of Platycodon grandiflorum.

METHODThe field investigation and pollination by bagging were carried out. TTC(2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) solution was used to test the pollen vigor.

RESULTThe stigma life-span of P. grandiflorum was about 9 days, however the optimal time for pollination is 4-6 days after the petals opening, with the stigma was splitting lightly or significantly. When the petals opened, the anther began scattering pollen, and finished in the same day. The pollen vigor was about 81.4% at the beginning, and decreases to 27.6% three days later. The pollen vigor still remains 64.4% three days later, when the flower was kept in the desiccant. The natural fructification rate of self-flower-pollination was 4.8%. The fructification rate and compatible index was about 62.7% and 54.6, respectively, when the self-plant-pollination performed by hand. They decreased to 12.8% and 6.5 when the pollination was implemented during the flowering period.

CONCLUSIONLow fructification percentage of self-flower-pollination attributes to the difference of maturing period of pistil and stamen, as well as the short pollen life-span of P. grandiflorum. The compatibility of self-plant-pollination is high during flowering period when pollination performed by hand. The life-span of the pollen can be prolonged significantly when keeping in the dry environment.

Flowers ; physiology ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development ; physiology ; Platycodon ; growth & development ; physiology ; Pollen ; physiology ; Reproduction ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo reveal the flowering characteristics of Panax stipuleanatus and provide theoretical basis for distant hybridization between P. stipuleanatus and P. notoginseng.

METHODDuring the blossom of P. stipuleanatus, we observed and investigated blooming phenophase, growth dynamics of inflorescence, pollination and seed setting of its population and the flowering process and its period, the regularity of flowering and pollinating of the floret. Statistic analyses were carried out.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe population florescence of P. stipuleanatus was about 60 d. The average florets quality of umbel was 44-47. The average natural pollination rates were 73.32%-95.39%. The average seed setting rates was 35.65%-51.76%. The highest growth periods of inflorescence are from March 25 to April 4. The diameter, the height and the length of its inflorescence in 10 d increased 44.65%, 42.19% and 106.25%, respectively. The whole stereotype period was the May beginning. The time that the floret from petal opening to withering it generally needed 36-48 h, 60 percent of the floret finished auther pollinating during the same day and 40 percent until the next day. The flowering and pollinating peak periods were 14:00-15:00, the flowering numbers was 28.48% of the total flowering amount and the pollinating numbers were 38.63% of the total pollinating amount. The high temperature (20-30 degrees C) and the low humidity (RH < 60%) were beneficial to flowering and pollinating.

Flowers ; growth & development ; physiology ; Inflorescence ; growth & development ; physiology ; Panax ; growth & development ; physiology ; Pollination ; Seeds ; physiology