In the current study, nine flavonoids were isolated and purified from 75% ethanol extract of Selaginella uncinata (Desv.) Spring by column chromatographic techniques over macroporous resin, polyamide, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and pre-HPLC. On the basis of their physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic data analyses, these compounds were elucidated as cirsimarin (1), nepitrin (2), apigenin-6-C-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), apigenin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-α-L-arabinopyranoside (4), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), 2,3-dihydroamentoflavone (6), 4'-O-methylamentoflavone (7), 2,3-dihydro-4'-O-methyl-amentoflavone (8), and 2,3,2",3"-tetrahydron-4'-O-methyl-robustaflavone (9). Compounds 1-5 belong to flavonoid glycosides and were isolated from the genus Selaginella for the first time.
Flavonoids ; analysis ; Selaginellaceae ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the flavonoids from the leaves of Santalum album.

METHODThe sample was extracted with 70% ethanol by continuous thermal reflux. The extraction was separated and purified by column chromatography over macroporous adsorption resin, polyamide and sephadexlh-20. Their structures were identified by detailed spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTEight flavonoids were isolated and identified as vicenin-2 (1), vitexin (2), isovitexin (3), orientin (4), isoorientin (5). chrysin-8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), chrysin-6-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), and isorhamnetin (8).

CONCLUSIONAll compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Five new flavonoid derivatives, cajavolubones A-E (1-5), along with six known analogues (6-11) were isolated from Cajanus volubilis, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. Cajavolubones A and B (1 and 2) were identified as two geranylated chalcones. Cajavolubone C (3) was a prenylated flavone, while cajavolubones D and E (4 and 5) were two prenylated isoflavanones. Compounds 3, 8, 9 and 11 displayed cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cancer cell line.
Flavonoids/chemistry* ; Cajanus ; Molecular Structure ; Chalcones/chemistry*

The medicinal Lindera aggregata(Lindera, Lauraceae) boasts abundant resources, which is widely used in clinical settings. It has been found that the main chemical constituents of this medicinal species are sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, sesquiterpenoid dimers, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Some unreported novel structures, including lindenane-type sesquiterpene dimers and trimers, have been discovered from L. aggregata in recent years. The extracts and active components of L. aggregata have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antalgic, liver-protecting, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, and glucose-lowering activities, and their mechanisms of action have been comprehensively investigated. This study summarizes the research on the chemical constituents and bioactivities of L. aggregata over the past decade, which is expected to serve as a reference for the future research and utilization of L. aggregata.
Lindera/chemistry* ; Alkaloids ; Flavonoids ; Antioxidants ; Sesquiterpenes/chemistry*

OBJECTIVETo separate effective constituents from Millettia nitida var. hirsutissima.

METHODCompounds were isolated by chromatography methods, structures were identified by spectroscopic means.

RESULTEight flavonoids (1-8) and two triterpenes (9-10) were isolated from this plant. They were identified as calycosin (1), genistin (2), gliricidin (3), 8-O-methylretusin (4), afromosin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), lanceolarin (6), soliquiritigenin (7), symplocoside (8), lupeol (9), 3beta-friedelanol (10).

CONCLUSIONThe compounds (1-10) were obtained from M. nitida var. hirsutissima for the first time. The 13C-NMR dada of 1 were correct assignment on the basis of 2D-NMR spectral analysis.

Eleven compounds were isolated from the leaves of Epimedium pubescens by means of various chromatographic techniques such as silica gel, MCI, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified as anhydroicaritin (1), icariside II (2), 2'''-O-rhamonosyl-icariside II (3), desmethylanhydroicaritin (4), baohuosaide II (5), epimedokoreanin B (6), acuminatin (7), tricin(8), kaempferol (9), daidzein (10) and 4-hydroxy ethyl benzoate (11) on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data analysis. Among them, compound 11 was isolated from Epimedium species for the first time, and other compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time.
Epimedium ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry

This study was performed to prepare immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase, then optimize and compare the process conditions for conversion of icariin. Immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase were prepared using crosslink-embedding method. The best conditions of the preparation process were optimized by single factor analysis and the properties of immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase were investigated. The reaction conditions including temperature, pH, substrate ratio, substrate concentration, reaction time and reusing times of the conversion of icariin using immobilized β-glucosidase or snailase were optimized. Immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase exhibited better heat stabilities and could remain about 60% activity after storage at 4 degrees C for 4 weeks. The optimized conditions for the conversion of icariin were as follows, the temperature of 50 degrees C, pH of 5.0, enzyme and substrate ratio of 1 : 1, substrate concentration of 0.1 mg x mL(-1), reaction time of 6 h for β-glucosidase and 2 h for snailase, respectively. In 5 experiments, the average conversion ratio of immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase was 70.76% and 74.97%. The results suggest an effect of promoted stabilities, prolonged lifetimes in both β-glucosidase and snailase after immobilization. The immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase exhibited a higher conversion rate and reusability compared to the free β-glucosidase and snailase. Moreover, the conversion rate of immobilized snailase was higher than that of immobilized β-glucosidase. The process of icariin conversion using immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase was moderate and feasible, which suggests that immobilized enzymes may hold a promise for industrial usage.
Enzymes, Immobilized ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Temperature ; beta-Glucosidase ; chemistry

Sanggenol P (1), a new isoprenylated flavonoid, together with nine known ones, cyclomorusin (2), morusin (3), mulberrofuran G (4), sanggenol A (5), sanggenol L (6), sanggenol N (7), cyclomulberrin (8), cyclocommunol (9) and ursolic acid (10) was isolated from Morus alba L. Sanggenol P (1) was characterized based on extensive IR, UV, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 5, 6, 7 and 9 were obtained from this plant for the first time.
Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Morus ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Prenylation

In the flowers of Sambicus nigra, flavonoids, amino acids and sugars were determined. Among them the main components were flavonoids, which accounted for 7,19±0,10%. From total flavonoid extracts, ,2 compounds were isolated by column chromatography and identified by UV,MS,and NMR spectroscope as quercetin-3-α rhamnopyranosyl- β -glucopyranose and quercetin
Chemistry ; Flowers ; Flavonoids ; Amino Acids ; Carbohydrates

Fresh,directly roasted and sand-roasted samples of the radix of ophlogogon contain also saponosids, flavonoids, aminoacides, carotenoids, sugars, fats. They are no significant differences. In decoction 1:1 form, ophlogogon with the dose of 2,5gr/kg of body weight manifests the inhibition of cough reflexe similar to terpine-codeine preparation;with the dose of 10mg /kg bd, no effect of phlegm clearing is manifested
Chemistry ; Biology ; Flavonoids ; Carotenoids ; Carbohydrates ; fats