This study aims to evaluate the changes of flavonoid contents and antioxidants activity of Jeju native citrus fruits juice according to the harvest date. Flavonoids such as quercatagetin, narirutin, hesperidin and neohesperidin were contained most plentifully in the juice of Jigak (Citrus aur- antium) by 573.73 mg/100 mL, Sadoogam (C. pseudogulgul) by 393.99 mg /100 mL, Soyooja by 29.63 mg/100 mL and Jigak (C. aurantium) by 201.23 mg/100 mL in the late August, respectively. The highest contents of nob-iletin, sinensetin and tangeretin among polymethoxyflavones were found in the juice of Hongkyool (C. tachibana) by 7.39 mg/100 mL, 2.24 mg/100 mL, 0.63 mg/100 mL in the late August, respectively. 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'- Heptamet- hoxyflavone recorded the highest amount in Punkyool (C. tangerina) by 0.27 mg/100 mL in the late August, but the other polymethoxyflavones including 3',4',7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone, 4'-methoxyflavone, 5,6,7,3',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone, scutellarein tetramethylether were observed only trace amount in all the citrus fruits. Flavonoid contents in the citrus fruit juices were the highest during early maturation and decreased rapidly while ripening. Total polyphenol contents were the highest in the late August and decreased with ripening. However from the late December, the contents were increased again. Antioxidant activities of the fruits were evaluated as electron donating ability and were the lowest in the late September and increased with the fruit ripening. These results suggest that quercetagetin among all the flavonoids was most plentiful in Jigak and Dangyooja (C. grandis), so that the fruits could be used for industrial material of flavonoids and antioxidant agents.
Antioxidants ; Apigenin ; Chromones ; Citrus ; Disaccharides ; Electrons ; Flavanones ; Flavones ; Flavonoids ; Fruit ; Hesperidin

The present study established an RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of two active components in Qingfei Paidu Granules and investigated the transfer rates of neohesperidin and naringin in the preparation process to provide references for improving the quality control standard and production of Qingfei Paidu Granules.RP-HPLC was performed on a YMC Triart C_(18) column(4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm)with column temperature of 30 ℃, acetonitrile(A) and 0.2% phosphoric acid solution(B) as mobile phases for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min~(-1) and detection wavelength of 284 nm.Good linearity was observed for naringin at 0.10-1.0 μg(R~2=0.999 9) and neohesperidin at 0.12-1.2 μg(R~2=0.999 9).The average recovery of naringin was 99.52% with an RSD of 1.2%, and that of neohesperidin was 100.8% with an RSD of 1.2%.The transfer rates of naringin and neohesperidin between medicinal materials, extracts, concentrates, and granules were measured by this method.The average transfer rate of naringin from medicinal materials to granules was 54.89%±4.38%, and that of neohesperidin was 57.63%±5.88%.The process from medicinal materials to extracts was presumedly the key link affecting the whole preparation process.The established method is simple and sensitive and can be adopted for the quality control of Qingfei Paidu Granules.Meanwhile, it can be used to investigate the transfer rate of neohesperidin and naringin in the preparation of Qingfei Paidu Granules, and further improve the quality control standard of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus in Qingfei Paidu Granules.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Flavanones ; Hesperidin/analogs & derivatives*

OBJECTIVETo develop a UPLC method for the simultaneous determination of liquiritin, narirutin, hesperidin, ammonium glycyrrhetate, honokiol and magnolol in Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid.

METHODA Zorbax Eclipse C18 column was used with the mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0. 05% phosphate acid by gradient elution at the detection wavelength of 220 nm. The flow rate was 0.42 mL x min(-1) and the column temperature was 30 degrees C.

RESULTThe calibration curves were linear in the ranges of 0.001 7-0.034, 0.003 4-0.068, 0.006 4-0.128, 0.012 8-0.256, 0.003 2-0.064, 0.006 4-0.128 microg, respectively. The average recoveries were 103.3%, 98.39%, 98.29%, 102.1%, 98.45%, 102.2% with RSDs of 2.1%,1.0%, 0.50%, 2.3%, 0.9%, 2.0%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe UPLC method was simple, rapid and accurate, it could be used for quality control of Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid.

Administration, Oral ; Biphenyl Compounds ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Disaccharides ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Flavanones ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; Hesperidin ; chemistry ; Lignans ; chemistry ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo develop a HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, naringin, hesperidin and linarin in xiao' erjinning oral liquid.

METHODThe chromatographic separation was achieved on a Lichrospher C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column with a mobile phase which was composed of acetonitrile(A) and 0.4% phosphoric acid(B) for gradient elution (10:90-18:82-27:73). The flow rate was (0.8-1.1-0.8) mL x min(-1), the column temperature was 30 degrees C and the detection wavelength was set at 300 nm.

RESULTThe results showed that 6 effective components were separated well and showed good linearity. The average recoveries were between 95%-105%.

CONCLUSIONThe method is proved to be rapid, accurate, credible and repeatable. It can be used for the quality control of Xiao'erjinning oral liquid.

Caffeic Acids ; analysis ; Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Dosage Forms ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flavanones ; analysis ; Glycosides ; analysis ; Hesperidin ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo determine the contents of 3 kinds of components in Fructus aurantii immaturus.

METHODHPLC analysis was performed to detect the contents of hesperidin, naringin and synephrine. The content of volatile oil was detected determined following the method of Chinese pharmacopoeia.

RESULTThe contents of hesperidin, naringin, synephrine and volatile oil in ten samples are from 1.25% to 16.6%, 0% to 13.9%, 0.058 5% to 0.676% and 0.1% to 2.2%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe contentre are significant differences of among chemical components in from different samples of Fructus aurantii immaturus are greats.

China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Citrus ; chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Flavanones ; analysis ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Hesperidin ; analysis ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Synephrine ; analysis

We evaluated the antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies extracted with acetone, methanol, and hot water. The antioxidant activities were tested against beta-carotene-linoleic acid, reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity, and ferrous chelating ability. Furthermore, phenolic acid and flavonoid contents were also analyzed. The methanol extract showed the strongest beta-carotene-linoleic acid inhibition as compared to the other exracts. The acetone extract (8 mg/mL) showed a significantly high reducing power of 1.54 than the other extracts. The acetone extract was more effective than other extracts for scavenging on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals. The strongest chelating effect (85.66%) was obtained from the acetone extract at 1.0 mg/mL. The antioxidant activities of the extracts from the P. ostreatus fruiting bodies increased with increasing concentration. A high performance liquid chromatography analysis detected seven phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin, and biochanin-A in an acetonitrile and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (5 : 1) solvent extract. The total phenolic compound concentration was 188 microg/g. Tyrosinase inhibition of the acetone, methanol, and hot water P. ostreatus extracts increased with increasing concentration. The results revealed that the methanol extract had good tyrosinase inhibitory ability, whereas the acetone and hot water extracts showed moderate activity at the concentrations tested. The results suggested that P. ostreatus may have potential as a natural antioxidant.
Acetone ; Acetonitriles ; Biphenyl Compounds ; Chlorogenic Acid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Flavanones ; Fruit ; Gallic Acid ; Hesperidin ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Hydroxybenzoates ; Isoflavones ; Methanol ; Monophenol Monooxygenase ; Phenol ; Picrates ; Pleurotus ; Water

OBJECTIVETo develop a method for quality control of effective fraction in Qi-Xue-Bing-Zhi decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

METHODPF samples, effective fraction from Qi-Xue-Bing-Zhi decoction, were used as example, and a HPLC assay for chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis was established.

RESULTThe contents range of Paeoniflorin (PE), Naringin (NG) and Neohesperidin (NH) in effective fractions were changed from 12.5%-16.0%, 8.4%-12.4%, 12.8%-15.3%, and their average contents were (14.7 +/- 1.1)%, (10.6 +/- 1.2)%, (14.2 +/- 0.8)% (n = 10), respectively. The fingerprints of PF samples showed 25 common peaks, and the fingerprint similarity for PF samples were all above 99.00% by comparing with the standard chromatogram.

CONCLUSIONThe method reported could be used effectively for the quality control of effective fraction from TCM.

Benzoates ; analysis ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flavanones ; analysis ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Hesperidin ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; Monoterpenes ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results

An HPLC-UV method was developed for the determination of total naringenin and total hesperetin in rat plasma after oral administration of Citrus aurantium Immaturus extracts and Zhizi Dahuang decoction. Plasma samples were pretreated with liquid-liquid extraction procedure and acid hydrolysis method was used for converting conjugated naringenin and hesperetin to their respective free forms. Plasma samples were separated on a C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm), using 0.1% phosphoric acid and methanol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1) with gradient elution. DAS 2.0 software was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters while the SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Significant differences were observed, the C(max) AUC(0-t) of total naringenin in ZS group was 73.5% and 65.9% higher than those in ZZDHD group, respectively; the C(max), AUC(0-t) of total hesperetin in ZS group was 63.5% and 119.1% higher than those in ZZDHD group, respectively. There is a obvious decrease in C(max) and AUC(0-t) of total naringenin and total hesperetin after compatibility and their pharmacokinetic characteristics changed greatly due to the combination of other herbs. The established method was rapid, sensitive, selective and accurate, and it could be applied in the determination of total naringenin and total hesperetin in rat plasma.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Citrus ; chemistry ; Drug Incompatibility ; Drug Interactions ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Flavanones ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Gardenia ; chemistry ; Hesperidin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo develop a RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin and glycyrrhizic acid in extraction of Wendan formula.

METHODDIKMA Diamonsil(2)-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was used at 25 degrees C with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphatic acid in a gradient manner. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL min(-1). The detection wavelength was 237, 283 nm.

RESULTThe linear responses ranged from 0.0199-0.1191 microg for liquiritin (r = 0.9997, n = 6), 0.1800-1.0800 microg for naringin (r = 0.9997, n = 5), 0.1455-0.8730 microg for hesperidin (r = 0.9998, n = 6), 0.0393-0.2355 microg for monoammonium glycyrrhizinate (r = 0.9997, n = 6), respectively. The average recoveries were 97.7% with RSD 1.5% for liquiritin, 97.7% with RSD 2.0% for naringin, 97.1% with RSD 2.0% for hesperidin and 98.5% with RSD 1.9% for glycyrrhizic acid, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method is quick, simple and repeatable for simultaneous determination of liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin and glycyrrhizic acid in extraction of Wendan formula.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Flavanones ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Hesperidin ; analysis ; isolation & purification

Cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species has been implicated in several diseases, thus establishing a significant role for antioxidants in maintaining human health. Acetone, methanol, and hot water extracts of Pleurotus citrinopileatus were evaluated for their antioxidant activities against beta-carotene-linoleic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, reducing power, ferrous ion-chelating abilities, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. In addition, the tyrosinase inhibitory effects and phenolic compound contents of the extracts were also analyzed. Methanol and acetone extracts of P. citrinopileatus showed stronger inhibition of beta-carotene-linoleic acid compared to the hot water extract. Methanol extract (8 mg/mL) showed a significantly high reducing power of 2.92 compared to the other extracts. The hot water extract was more effective than the acetone and methanole extracts for scavenging DPPH radicals. The strongest chelating effect (92.72%) was obtained with 1.0 mg/mL of acetone extract. High performance liquid chromatography analysis detected eight phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin, and biochanin-A, in an acetonitrile and hydrochloric acid (5 : 1) solvent extract. Xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the acetone, methanol, and hot water extracts increased with increasing concentration. This study suggests that fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus can potentially be used as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants.
Acetone ; Acetonitriles ; Antioxidants ; Biphenyl Compounds ; Chlorogenic Acid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Coumaric Acids ; Flavanones ; Fruit ; Gallic Acid ; Hesperidin ; Humans ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Hydroxybenzoates ; Isoflavones ; Methanol ; Monophenol Monooxygenase ; Phenol ; Picrates ; Pleurotus ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Water ; Xanthine ; Xanthine Oxidase