Compared with cultured fish, the fish oil of ocean wild fish contains much more Eicosapntemacnioc acid (EPA), Docosahexenoic acid (DHA), fat-soluble vitamin. To improve the utility value of oacean wild fish, small hairtail was used as raw material to investigate the technology of extracting fish oil with enzyme. The variables to affect the efficiency of extraction, extracting and centrifugation were selected as temperature, reaction time and pH value. Optimal technology conditions were determined by the response surface method: The liquid/solid ratio is 6, pH 7.3, enzyme amount of 1000 u/g raw material, agitation speed of 200 r/min, enzymolysis under 45 degrees C for 90 min. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 100 mL extractant (every 20 g surimi), pH4.0, extracted under 40 degrees C for 25 min. The optimal centrifuge conditions were: centrifuge speed of 3000 r/min (1865 g), centrifuged for 10 min. The oil extraction efficiency was 79.9%. This study developed the traditional technology of fish oil extraction, and improved the protection of the active components.
Animals ; Docosahexaenoic Acids ; analysis ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; analysis ; Enzymes ; metabolism ; Fish Oils ; isolation & purification ; Fishes ; metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of fish oil on intestinal Paneth cells in mouse with abdominal infection.

METHODSFifty C57BL/6J mouse were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each): control group, sham group, infection group (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP), fish oil group (0.4 g/kg fish oil, intragastric administration every day, FO) and long chain triglyceride group (0.4 g/kg soybean oil, intragastric administration every day, LCT). The mouse were sacrificed and the terminal ileum was collected for lysozyme, cryptdin 4 and secreted phosphatidase A2 (sPLA2) analysis at the fourth day after operation. The changes of mouse body weight and intestinal mucosa pathology were observed.

RESULTSThe body weight, the mRNA levels of lysozyme, cryptdin 4 and sPLA2 and the protein level of lysozyme of Paneth cells in the infection group were reduced compared with the control group (0.78±0.34 vs. 1.83±0.11, 0.99±0.44 vs. 2.02±0.33, 0.92±0.25 vs. 1.50±0.27, 0.31±0.06 vs. 0.45±0.05, all P<0.05), meanwhile the intestinal villi collapse and breakage occurred obviously. Fish oil could up-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of lysozyme (1.23±0.27 vs. 0.78±0.34 and 0.62±0.23, 0.38±0.07 vs. 0.31±0.06 and 0.32±0.06, all P<0.05) and alleviate the mucosa injury compared with the infection group and LCT group.

CONCLUSIONSThe function of intestinal Paneth cells is damaged apparently after cecal ligation and puncture. Fish oil can relieve this injury.

Animals ; Cecum ; Fish Oils ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Intestine, Small ; Intraabdominal Infections ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Paneth Cells ; Up-Regulation

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor of the digestive system and radical resection, which is available to very few patients, might be the only possibility for cure. Since therapeutic choices are limited at the advanced stage, prevention is more important for reducing incidence in high-risk individuals with family history of pancreatic cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown that a high consumption of fish oil or ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces the risk of pancreatic cancers. Dietary fish oil supplementation has shown to suppress pancreatic cancer development in animal models. Previous experimental studies revealed that several hallmarks of cancer involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, such as the resistance to apoptosis, hyper-proliferation with abnormal Wnt/β-catenin signaling, expression of pro-angiogenic growth factors, and invasion. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid and rich in cold oceanic fish oil. DHA shows anti-cancer activity by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis, inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and decreasing extracellular matrix degradation and expression of pro-angiogenic factors in pancreatic cancer cells. This review will summarize anti-cancer mechanism of DHA in pancreatic carcinogenesis based on the recent studies.
Apoptosis ; Carcinogenesis* ; Digestive System ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Extracellular Matrix ; Fatty Acids ; Fish Oils ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Models, Animal ; Oxidative Stress ; Pancreatic Neoplasms

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in the elderly in developed countries but therapeutic options are limited. Many observational studies have shown that a high dietary intake of antioxidants, fish oil, and carotenoids is associated with a lower risk of prevalent and incident AMD. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 1 demonstrated that routine supplementation with a certain formulation of vitamins C, E, β-carotene, and zinc with copper reduces the risk of worsening AMD and severe vision loss by 25% over a 6-year period in patients with intermediate or advanced AMD in 1 eye or intermediate AMD in both eyes. The recent Age- Related Eye Disease Study 2 demonstrated that a certain combination of lutein and zeaxanthin is a safe and effective alternative to β-carotene, which is known to be associated with lung cancer in smokers. The aim of this review focuses on the role of supplements in the treatment and prevention of AMD and sums up the recent findings about the micronutrients most frequently used for AMD.
Aged ; Antioxidants ; Blindness ; Carotenoids ; Copper ; Developed Countries ; Eye Diseases ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fish Oils ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lutein ; Macular Degeneration* ; Micronutrients ; Vision Disorders ; Vitamins ; Zeaxanthins ; Zinc

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related death in the world. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is an association between consumption of dietary fat and colon cancer risk. Not only the amount but also the type and the ratio of fatty acids comprising dietary fats consumed have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of colon cancer. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been known to inhibit development of colon cancer by downregulating the expression of genes involved in colon carcinogenesis and also by altering the membrane lipid composition. Data from laboratory, epidemiological, and clinical studies substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 PUFAs in preventing colitis and subsequent development of colon cancer. In addition, recent studies suggest that some n-3 PUFAs can be effective as an adjuvant with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural anticancer compounds in the management of colon cancer. In this review, we discuss chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of fish oil derived long chain n-3 PUFAs, particularly EPA and DHA, with focus on synergetic effects of which they exert when combined with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural compounds.
Carcinogenesis* ; Colitis ; Colon* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Dietary Fats ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated* ; Fish Oils* ; Membranes ; Therapeutic Uses

Inflammation is part of the immune response, and inflammation may also induce or exaggerate some diseases through production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. More evidence have shown that the individual level of cytokine production is affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes. Furthermore, as several nutrients participate in DNA protection and stabilization, altering gene expression and individual phenotype, nutrition has important interaction with inflammation. The purpose of this review is to give a recent update informations on the interaction of single nucleotide polymorphisms, inflammation and nutrition.
Fatty Acids ; pharmacology ; Fish Oils ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; genetics ; therapy ; Nutrition Therapy ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; drug effects ; Vitamins ; pharmacology ; Zinc ; pharmacology

BACKGROUND: Several survey reported that use of dietary supplements including herbal medicine was common in the preoperative period. The use of such remedies has implications for the anesthesiologists because of the potential for drug interactions and side effects. Little information is available on the frequency of use in the surgical population in Korea. This study was purposed to find out the frequency and predictors of the use of dietary supplements in presurgical patients. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to all patients at the preoperative visit from May 2006 to August 2006. The questionnaire inquired as to basic demographics, use of dietary supplements, the name and number of dietary supplements used, reasons to take the dietary supplements, and whether the patient had informed anesthesiologist of the use. RESULTS: A total 1,072 completed surveys showed that overall 37% of presurgical patients reported the use of dietary supplements. Less than half of the patients told their anesthesiologists that they were using dietary supplements. The most commonly used dietary supplements were ginseng, soy, glucosamine, garlic, prunus mume, mushroom, siberian ginseng, fish oils, aloe, ginger, and gingko in order of incidence. Young age was predictor associated with lower use of dietary supplements. CONCLUSIONS: Use of dietary supplements is common in the preoperative period in Korea. Documentation of the use of these products in the perioperative period is important to consider the potential interaction of dietary supplements with medical medicine or anesthetics.
Agaricales ; Aloe ; Anesthetics ; Demography ; Dietary Supplements* ; Drug Interactions ; Eleutherococcus ; Fish Oils ; Garlic ; Ginger ; Ginkgo biloba ; Glucosamine ; Herbal Medicine ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Panax ; Perioperative Period ; Preoperative Period ; Prunus

Omega-3-fatty acids (FA) are essential fatty acids with various biological effects in human health and disease. Dietary supplementation may benefit patients with cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, inflammatory disease, neurological disorders, and eye diseases. Especially, consumption of omega-3-FAs during pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth and improves intellectual development of the fetus. Fish, fish oils and some vegetable oils are rich sources of omega-3-FAs. According to World Health Organization (2003) guidelines, a healthy adult should consume two fish meals in a week (400-1,000 mg eicosapentanoic acid+docosahexanoic acid) to obtain the health benefit.
Adult ; Atherosclerosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dietary Supplements ; Dyslipidemias ; Eye Diseases ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Fetus ; Fish Oils ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insurance Benefits ; Meals ; Nervous System Diseases ; Obesity ; Plant Oils ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; World Health Organization

Omega-3-fatty acids (FA) are essential fatty acids with various biological effects in human health and disease. Dietary supplementation may benefit patients with cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, inflammatory disease, neurological disorders, and eye diseases. Especially, consumption of omega-3-FAs during pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth and improves intellectual development of the fetus. Fish, fish oils and some vegetable oils are rich sources of omega-3-FAs. According to World Health Organization (2003) guidelines, a healthy adult should consume two fish meals in a week (400-1,000 mg eicosapentanoic acid+docosahexanoic acid) to obtain the health benefit.
Adult ; Atherosclerosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dietary Supplements ; Dyslipidemias ; Eye Diseases ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Fetus ; Fish Oils ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insurance Benefits ; Meals ; Nervous System Diseases ; Obesity ; Plant Oils ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of parenteral nutrition support with a lipid emulsion formulation (containing soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil [SMOF]) in intensive care patients following major gastrointestinal surgeries.

METHODSAccording to a randomized, prospective and case-controlled design, 72 intensive care patients following major gastrointestinal surgeries between January and December, 2014 were randomized equally into SMOF group and control group to receive parenteral nutrition support with SMOF and medium or long chain lipid emulsion, respectively. Before and at 4 and 9 days after commencement of parenteral nutrition support, the patients were examined for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL), albumin (propagated), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and endotoxin levels. The patients' average length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU), the days of using antibiotics, and the incidence rate of postoperative complication were recorded.

RESULTSOn day 4 postoperatively, the levels of CRP and IL-6 were significantly lower in SMOF group than in the control group (t=2.669 and 2.676, respectively; P<0.05), and on day 9, the patients in SMOF group showed significantly lower levels of ALT, TBIL, CRP and IL-6 (t=2.487, 3.497, 3.762, 2.180, respectively; P<0.05) than the control group, but ALB and endotoxin levels remained comparable between the two groups. The average length of stay in ICU and the days of using antibiotics were significantly shorter in SMOF group than in the control group (t=2.94 and 2.17, respectively; P<0.05); SMOF group showed a lower incidence of postoperative infections than the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (χ² =1.047, P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONFor intensive care patients following major gastrointestinal surgeries, postoperative parenteral nutrition support with SMOF can effectively reduce the release of inflammatory mediators, protect important visceral functions, reduce postoperative complications, shorten the length of ICU stay, and improve the prognosis of the patients.

Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Bilirubin ; blood ; C-Reactive Protein ; chemistry ; Critical Care ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous ; therapeutic use ; Fish Oils ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Olive Oil ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Plant Oils ; Prospective Studies ; Soybean Oil ; Triglycerides