The term cutaneous chylous reflux refers to the back flow of chyle from its normal route and the discharge of chyle from the skin. Primary chylous reflux suggests the absence of an apparent etiology and may be due to malformations of mesenteric lymphatics. On the other hand, secondary chylous reflux is the result from irradiation, neoplasm, trauma and infection with filariasis. Here we report a case of primary cutaneous chylous reflux that has a unique clinical feature.
Chyle ; Filariasis ; Hand ; Skin

Filariasis mosquitoes and susceptibility of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. vishnui to insecticides were investigated in September 2004 and May 2005 in Khanh Trung commune, Khanh Vinh district, Khanh Hoa province. Twenty two mosquito species belonging to 5 genus have been found, of which the primary vector of W.bancrofti filariasis was captured with a high density, while vectors of B.malayi was found in a lower density. A total of 805 mosquitoes of 6 species (An.barbumbrosus, An. vagus, Cx.fuscocephala, Cx.quinquefasciatus, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui) were dissected. None of them were positive with microfilaria. Cx.quinquefasciatus was found highly resistant to lambdacyhalothrin, alphacypermethrin and malathion with the mortalities of 11 %, 21%, and 60%, respectively. Similarly, the mortalities of Cx.vishnui were 19.76%, 23.83% and 13%-17%, respectively.
Filariasis ; Culicidae ; Malaria

Study on filariaisis mosquitoes and susceptibility of Cx.quinquefasciatus to some insecticides were conducted in September 2003 at Khanh Trung commune, Khanh Vinh district, Khanh Hoa province. The results showed that: 16 mosquito species of 5 races had been found, in which mosquitoes were main vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti (Cx quinquefasciatus, Cx.vishnui) had high density, while the vectors of Brugia malayi (Ma.uniformis) had very low density. 227 mosquitoes of 4 species (An.barbumborsus, Cx quinquefasciatus, Cx.vishnui, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus) were dissected, none of them were positive with microfilaria. Cx. quinquefasciatus was found to be highly resistant to malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin with mortalities of 60,5%, 11% and 21%, respectively
mosquitoes ; Filariasis ; epidemiology ; Insecticides

The clinical manifestations in filarial infection were examined during 1965-1966 from the known endemic areas: Yongju, a mountainous inland area and Cheju-Do, an island. All the microfilaria which were found during the survey were Brugia malayi. The principal symptom was cuticular hypertrophy (elephantiasis). It was found in 4 cases from Yongju among 707 villagers, 84 cases from Cheju-Do among 2,376 villagers. Four microfilaremia cases (4.5%) were found among a total of 88 cases of elephantiasis. In Cheju-Do, the higher incidence of elephantiasis was observed among people over 20 years old and the females showed much higher incidence than males (30 males and 54 females). The cuticular hypertrophic changes (elephantiasis) appeared more often in the lower extremities(77%) than in the upper part of the body, and in the right side than in the left.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Brugia malayi ; filariasis ; hypertrophy

An epidemiological study on brugian filariasis was carried out in endemic areas including Cheju Island in Korea, with a brief review of literatures.The results showed that the incidence among residents has remarkably decreased in Cheju Island, which was the main endemic area. Reviewing available informations on the prevalence of filariasis reported in recent years and also judging from the present socio-economic conditions which enable people to practice personal protection against mosquitos, it can be said with confidence that filariasis has almost disappeared from Cheju Island and inland areas. The disease is considered to remain at a low level of endemicity in Hugsan Islands. Certainly mass diethylcarbamazine (DEC) treatment carried out in Cheju Island in the 1960s and 1970s and remarkable economic growth followed by improved living standard and altered life-style of inhabitants could all have combined effects on the disappearance of this mosquito-borne diseae in this island. If the present trends go on, the possibility of resurgence of filariasis in Cheju Island is hardly postulated.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Brugia malayi ; filariasis ; epidemiology

*Aedes ; *Anopheles ; *Culex ; *Filariasis ; *Malaysia ; *Statistics ; *Wuchereria

During 1964 to 1967, a survey of 30,534 persons for filariasis was made on all over the country with the following results: Among 24,816 draftees from all over the country in the army recruitment camp 155(0.63 %) were found infected with Brugia malayi. Cheju Do showed the highest microfilaria rate(3.5 %), North Kyongsang Do(1.4 %) the next and South Cholla Do(1.2 %) the third. Blood films from 2,308 inhabitants were examined and 407(17.6 %) showed microfilaria in Cheju Do. 30(3.1 %) out of 974 inhabitants in North Kyongsang Do were found to be infected. The microfilaria rates were 2.0 per cent for 400 inhabitants of Chindo island in South Cholla Do. However, no positive case of microfilaria was found in the inhabitants of Kokumdo among 1,820 persons examined in South Cholla Do and of Namhae island(among 165 persons examined) in South Kyongsang Do. The mean microfilarial density per 20 cu. mm of blood was 52.6 in the inhabitants of Cheju Do, 12.2 in North Kyongsang Do and 27.3 in Chindo island(South Cholla Do). Any distinct relationship between the incidence of positive cases of microfilariae and age or sex of the cases was not observed in Cheju Do. However, in Norh Kyongsang Do and South Cholla Do the microfilaria rate of the male group is higher than the one of the female group of the inhabitants. From the above survey results it turned out that filariasis was found throughout Southern Korea except Kyonggi Do and South Kyongsang Do. A total 30,534 persons examined, 601(2.0 %) were found to be infected by Brugia malayi. Therefore, it seems that there are some endemic foci of malayian filariasis in three main areas such as North Kyongsang Do, South Cholla Do and Cheju Do.
parsitology-helminth-nematoda-Brugia malayi ; filariasis ; epidemiology ; Army

A study on the Aedes togoi to find out important biological and ecological factors as an efficient vector of filariasis, was carried out on Che-Ju Island for two years from 1968 though 1969. Results obtained are as followings: Geographical distribution of the mosquito breeding habitat was found to be extensive covering circular areas of about three km distance along the shore line. The main breeding sites were rockpools and smaller holes on rocks retaining tide and/or rain water with high larval density; water tanks, pots, and other artificial containers retaining only rain water around the houses located within the area with relatively low larval density. Species constitution of adult mosquitos collected in the study villages consisted largely of Aedes togoi with a range of 70-90 per cent by village. The pH of the breeding sites ranged from 5.0 to l0.0, and the chloride content from 0.01 to 28.75 (gm/l). More than fifty per cent of examined sites, however, had pH 5.6-6.5 and chloride content of less than 1.0 gm/1. The natural infection rate of A. togoi by filaria showed proportional relationships with microfilaria rates among the human population by area. Experimental infection of A. togoi by human and dog filaria demonstrated that this species is an efficient vector for both filaria species proved by natural infection as well as experimental infection. Susceptibility of both larva and adult of A. togoi to insecticide, DDT and dieldrin, showed considerable sensitivity in all villages tested.
parasitology-arthropoda ; vector ; Aedes togoi ; epidemiology ; filariasis ; Brugia malayi ; chloride

In this report, we present a case of chyluria that is a very rare urine abnormality in Korea. A 43-year-old woman was referred to our clinic with intermittent turbid and creamy-colored urine for 10 days. The urine tests, including a urine lipid profile, indicated a diagnosis of chyluria. There was no evidence of secondary causes of chyluria such as a tumor and filariasis, and a urinary-lymphatic fistula was not found. The patient was instructed to begin a high protein diet with low fat content and medium chain triglyceride oil supplementation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a patient that presented with chyluria in Korea.
Adult ; Diagnosis ; Diet ; Female ; Filariasis ; Fistula ; Humans ; Korea ; Triglycerides

A night blood survey was carried out among inhabitants aged over 1 year from the fifteen villages throughout Cheju-Do (Quelpart Island). Blood films from 2,139 persons were examined and 183(8.6 percent) showed microfilariae, the incidences varying according to geographical sources are from 0.8 to 19.5 per cent. All the microfilariae found in this survey were of the nocturnal periodic Brugia malayi. The microfilarial density was 1.9 per cent of blood. The age and sex distributions of microfilaria rate in Cheju-Do were not distinctly different. On the other hand, the intradermal test using Dirofilaria antigen (FPT antigen) and clinical survey of filariasis were also undertaken in same areas of microfilaria survey. Out of 2,449 inhabitants examined 1,434(58.6 percent) persons showed positive reaction of skin test, 503(20.5 percent) persons have clinical manifestations and 112 (4.6 percent) persons showed elephantiasis . It is assumed that Aedes togoi may be the most probable vector of B. malayi in the areas of Cheju-Do.
parasitology ; helminth ; nematoda ; Brugia malayi ; epidemiolgy ; filariasis ; intradermal test ; blood