On the 3712 volunnteer blood donors, the incidence of shock and dizzy are 2.1% in which, shock is 0.2, dizzy is 1.9%. These events can be appearing after the time of venous puncture. Most of the events are seen in female. There is only one case that received the solution transfusion the rest of these cases only need the sugar drinking. The volunteer blood donation is humanities. The experiment of blood mobile organization is a good experiment for the “blood donation” program.
Blood Donors ; Blood ; Mobile Health Units

Foodborne illnesses and big outbreaks have been increased because of the widespread of lunch distribution at school, mass production of food products, and international food trades. It is important to find the origin of contamination by various pathogens in an early stage of the outbreaks for the disease control and prevention. For the purpose of construction of the early warning system, Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH) inaugurated PulseNet Korea in 2005. The organization of PulseNet Korea consists of KNIH as a center and the participating laboratories including Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA), National Veterinary Research & Quarantine Station (NVRQS), and regional Institutes of Health & Environment. PulseNet Korea has focused on training researchers from participating laboratories as well as playing an important role in PulseNet International. In this review, PulseNet Korea construction is introduced as a national early warning system for timely surveillance of foodborne diseases.
Academies and Institutes ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Foodborne Diseases* ; Hospitals, Isolation ; Humans ; Korea* ; Lunch

Foodborne illnesses and big outbreaks have been increased because of the widespread of lunch distribution at school, mass production of food products, and international food trades. It is important to find the origin of contamination by various pathogens in an early stage of the outbreaks for the disease control and prevention. For the purpose of construction of the early warning system, Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH) inaugurated PulseNet Korea in 2005. The organization of PulseNet Korea consists of KNIH as a center and the participating laboratories including Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA), National Veterinary Research & Quarantine Station (NVRQS), and regional Institutes of Health & Environment. PulseNet Korea has focused on training researchers from participating laboratories as well as playing an important role in PulseNet International. In this review, PulseNet Korea construction is introduced as a national early warning system for timely surveillance of foodborne diseases.
Academies and Institutes ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Foodborne Diseases* ; Hospitals, Isolation ; Humans ; Korea* ; Lunch

BACKGROUND: There are several reports on outbreaks of V. paraphaemolyticus enteritis, however, these are only complicated cases or microbiologic surveillance in marine environment. We experienced an outbreak associated with eating flavored crabs and investigated the magnitude of the outbreak on a large scale located in Inchon. METHOD: We took medical history and stool cultures from patients with diarrhea, visited the Inha University Hospital from September 14 to September 30, 1998. Pulsed-field gel electrophereis of isolates from stool culture performed to identify the relation. We counted the number of diarrheal patients visited the emergency rooms of 5 other general hospitals and 9 private clinics in Inchon from August 16 to September 30, 1998. We bought 6 crabs and 2 flavored crabs at a nearby market and cooked 6 crabs flavored at our hospital. Cultures from the flavored crabs stored at a refrigerator were done daily for consecutive 5 days. RESULTS: The outbreak began on September 5 and ended on September 29, 1998. The numbers of patients visiting ERs of 6 general hospitals and private clinics during outbreak were estimated 1,033 and 4,530, respectively. All 8 crabs revealed Vibrio spp., but identification up to species level was not possible. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of 12 isolates showed different patterns and suggested different sources. CONCLUSION: In 1998, an outbreak estimated more than 5,000 patients of V. parahaemolyticus enteritis occurred in Inchon, Korea. Because the magnitude of food-associated enteritis is enormous, that surpass the number which we assumed from clinical practice, early report and prompt investigation of such cases are necessary.
Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; Eating ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Enteritis* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Korea* ; Vibrio parahaemolyticus* ; Vibrio*

BACKGROUND: The vanA gene cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) is carried as a part of Tn1546-like elements. In this study we characterized the structure of Tn1546-like elements in Enterococcus. faecium isolated from patients in Korea. The isolates were also typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). METHODS: During 2000, 21 clinical isolates of vanA-containing E. faecium were collected from ten university hospitals in Korea. E. faecium BM4147 was used as a control. PFGE was performed on a CHEF-DR III apparatus. For structural analysis of Tn1546, the overlapping PCR amplification of internal regions of Tn1546 was performed. The purified PCR products were directly sequenced by using ABI Prism 3100 DNA SEQUENCER. RESULTS: All isolates were divided into 3 types according to the distribution of insertion sequences (IS elements) integrated Tn1546 elements. Type I and II were characterized by an IS1542 insertion in the orf2-vanR intergenic region and an IS1216V insertion in the vanX-vanY intergenic region. Type III represented two copies of IS1216V at the orf1 and in the vanX-vanY intergenic region as well as IS1542 in the orf2-vanR intergenic region. No isolates were identical to the prototype, which was identical to the predicted pattern for the published sequence of Tn1546. The PFGE results revealed that all strains except A13, C1, A2 and A9 were genetically unrelated. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of IS in Tn1546-like elements of the Korean isolates is similar to that of the European VREs. Considering the results of PFGF and Tn1546 typing, the horizontal transfer of vanA resistance gene may be occurring among genetically diverse strains of E. faecium in Korea.
DNA ; DNA, Intergenic ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Enterococcus ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Korea ; Multigene Family ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multi-drug resistant pathogen that has been isolated with increasing frequency from the hospitalized patients. A total of 202 S. maltophilia was isolated from three university hospitals and analysed by molecular typing for an epidemiologic investigation. All isolates were tested by antimicrobial susceptibility, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The RAPD and PFGE patterns were recorded and analysed by the unweighted-pair group method with arithmetic average method. Two or more isolates were considered to be clonally related if their PFGE pattern exhibited > or =80% similarity. Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin were the most active antimicrobial agents tested. The majority of the isolates found to be genetically unrelated by PFGE. The genetically related isolates were recovered from the same patient. The result demonstrates a high genetic diversity of S. maltophilia isolates from clinical specimens. The clonal diversity of S. maltophilia from the hospitalized patients is partly due to the strains originated from the hospital environments, but not horizontal transfer between the patients
Anti-Infective Agents ; Ciprofloxacin ; DNA ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Genetic Variation* ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Molecular Typing ; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia* ; Stenotrophomonas* ; Sulfamethoxazole

OBJECTIVETo genotypically characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from medical and surgical wards in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) in 2009.

METHODSMRSA strains were collected and molecularly typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

RESULTSPFGE typing on 180 MRSA isolated in UKMMC identified 5 pulsotypes (A-E) and 6 singletons, where pulsotypes B and C were suspected to be divergent clones originating from a single ancestor. This study also showed that most MRSA strains were isolated from swab (119 isolates), followed by blood (22 isolates), tracheal aspirate (11 isolates) and sputum (10 isolates). On the other hand, urine and bone isolates were less, which were 4 and 1 isolates, respectively. The distribution of different pulsotypes of MRSA among wards suggested that MRSA was communicated in surgical and medical wards in UKMMC, with pulsotype B MRSA as the dominant strain. Besides, it was found that most deceased patients were infected by pulsotype B MRSA, however, no particular pulsotype could be associated with patient age, underlying disease, or ward of admittance.

CONCLUSIONSFive pulsotypes of MRSA and 6 singletons were identified, with pulsotype B MRSA as the endemic strains circulating in these wards, which is useful in establishment of preventive measures against MRSA transmission.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Evolution, Molecular ; Hospitals ; Malaysia ; epidemiology ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Staphylococcal Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred and twenty nine P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were collected from 23 general hospitals in Korea from March to June 2014. Species were identified by matrix-assited laser desorption/ionization-time of flight and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion methods. Further, minimum inhibitory concentrations of carbapenems were determined by Etest. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were performed to identify genes encoding MBLs. Multi-locus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were performed to determine epidemiological characteristics of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates. RESULTS: Of the 329 isolates, 229 (69.6%) were susceptible to the carbapenems tested, including imipenem and meropenem; while 100 (30.4%) were non-susceptible to more than one of the carbapenems. Genes encoding imipenemase-6 (IMP-6) and Verona imipenemase-2 (VIM-2) MBLs were identified in 21 (6.4%) isolates (n = 17 and 4, respectively). All MBL-producing isolates showed multi-drug resistant phenotype, and a majority (n = 19) of the isolates were identified as sequence type 235 (ST235). The remaining isolates (n = 2) were identified as ST309 and ST463. CONCLUSION: P. aeruginosa ST235 might play an important role in dissemination of MBL genes in Korea.
Carbapenems ; Diffusion ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Hospitals, General ; Imipenem ; Korea ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa*

Through the Declaration of Montevideo in 2011, the World Medical Association suggested that doctors worldwide should be trained in basic disaster response regardless of their specialty. The Haiti earthquake in 2010, which had the highest number of foreign medical team dispatched from all over the world, proved that untrained and disorganized team only brought confusion. This event led the World Health Organization to develop the ‘Classification and Minimum Standards for Foreign Medical Teams in Sudden Onset Disasters ’ in 2013. This guideline will become the standard for organizing an international emergency medical team. We should be able to provide high standard of care through field hospital set up and continuous training of disaster medicine specialists.
Disaster Medicine* ; Disasters* ; Earthquakes ; Emergencies* ; Haiti ; Mobile Health Units ; Specialization ; Standard of Care ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed smartphone obesity-management applications developed in Korea and the quality of the information that they provide. METHODS: Obesity-management smartphone applications were searched using the keywords 'obesity + management,' 'weight + management,' 'weight + loss,' 'weight + exercise,' 'weight + diet,' 'weight + calories,' and 'diet,' with a search application programming interface (provided by Apple) between September 23 and September 27, 2013. These applications were then classified according to their main purpose, type of interventions used, price, type of developer, and user ratings. The information quality of the applications was analyzed using the Silberg scale. RESULTS: In total, 148 smartphone applications for obesity management were found. The main purpose of most of these applications (70.95%) was to provide information regarding weight control. The most frequently used intervention (34.62%) was to provide information on exercise management. More than half of the applications (58.78%) were free of charge. The mean of users' rating of these applications was 3.68 out of 5. The quality of information provided by these applications was evaluated as 4.55 out of 9: specifically, 1.79 out of 3 for authorship, 0.22 out of 2 for attribution, 1.29 out of 2 for disclosure, and 1.25 out of 2 for currency. Only three of the applications (2.88%) had a score on the Silberg scale greater than or equal to 7 points. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the quality of information provided by smartphone applications in the healthcare domain urgently need to be evaluated to prevent users being misinformed by these applications.
Authorship ; Delivery of Health Care ; Disclosure ; Korea ; Mobile Health Units ; Obesity ; Telemedicine ; Weight Loss