Intestinal villi morphology in 2.5 to 6.5 month old fetus is studied with scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM). Results show that original form of intestinal villi is finger or cone shape without cross sulci on surface and tip sudden. The big finger forms are divided into small size or leaf shape. Cross sulci and tip sunder are appeared on appeared on intestinal villi in six month old fetus. After delivery, surface of intestinal villi is changed very little.
Microscopy ; Anatomy & histology ; Fetus

Background: Down syndrome is a developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically. It affects about 1 in every 700 babies. The fetus having high risk for Down syndrome (OS) can be detected early by ultrasound. Objectives: The aim of the study is to find out some ultrasound markers that relate to OS fetus. Subjects and method: A descriptive study was carried out on 612 pregnant women with fetus \ufffd?12 weeks by ultrasound to detect abnormal markers in fetus. The fetus were diagnosed Down syndrome by analysis chromosome from amniocyte and monitor up to the neonate. Then, finding out association between OS fetus and ultrasound markers. Results: Among 612 pregnant women,36/12 pregnant women had abnormal imaging in fetus, 11/12 pregnant women had OS fetus. There were 12 pregnant women detected OS fetus. 6/12 OS fetus associated with the maker of nuchal skin fold (cut off 2: 3mm at the first trimester and 2: 6 mm at the second trimester): Detection rate (DR) was 50%; false positive rate (FOR): 0,83%. 3/12 OS fetus associated with the marker of duodenal atresia. DR was 25%; FOR: 0%. Conclusions: The two common markers associated with OS fetus: \r\n', u'the first marker was nuchal skin fold (with cut off 2: 3mm at the first trimester and > 6 mm at the second trimester) and the second marker was duodenal atresia. \r\n', u' \r\n', u'
Down Syndrome ; Fetus/ anatomy & ; histology ; abnormalities ; physiopathology ; ultrasonography

12.127 pregnant women underwent an 3D-ultrasound examination in MEDIC from January 2001 to September 2002. 60 cases of fetal morphological abnormality were detected. These abnormalities were as follows: 15/60 anencephaly, 16/60 labial clef with or without palatine cleft, 7/60 lymphangioma in head and neck, 7/60 omphalocele, 4/60 meningocele, 4/60 laparochisis, 14/60 abnormalities of bone, 1/60 siamese brothers.
Pregnant women ; Diagnosis/anatomy & histology ; Data Collection ; Fetus ; Ultrasonics

PURPOSE: It is still unclear whether the longitudinal anal muscles or conjoint longitudinal coats (CLCs) are attached to the vagina, although such an attachment, if present, would appear to make an important contribution to the integrated supportive system of the female pelvic floor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin, we examined semiserial frontal sections of 1) eleven female late-stage fetuses at 28-37 weeks of gestation, 2) two female middle-stage fetus (2 specimens at 13 weeks), and, 3) six male fetuses at 12 and 37 weeks as a comparison of the morphology. RESULTS: In late-stage female fetuses, the CLCs consistently (11/11) extended into the subcutaneous tissue along the vaginal vestibule on the anterior side of the external anal sphincter. Lateral to the CLCs, the external anal sphincter also extended anteriorly toward the vaginal side walls. The anterior part of the CLCs originated from the perimysium of the levator ani muscle without any contribution of the rectal longitudinal muscle layer. However, in 2 female middle-stage fetuses, smooth muscles along the vestibulum extended superiorly toward the levetor ani sling. In male fetuses, the CLCs were separated from another subcutaneous smooth muscle along the scrotal raphe (posterior parts of the dartos layer) by fatty tissue. CONCLUSION: In terms of topographical anatomy, the female anterior CLCs are likely to correspond to the lateral extension of the perineal body (a bulky subcutaneous smooth muscle mass present in adult women), supporting the vaginal vestibule by transmission of force from the levator ani.
Anal Canal/*anatomy & histology/embryology ; Female ; Fetus/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth/*anatomy & histology/embryology ; Pelvic Floor/anatomy & histology ; Sex Characteristics ; Vagina/*anatomy & histology/embryology

The X-ray synchrotron is quite different from conventional radiation sources. This technique may expand the capabilities of conventional radiology and be applied in novel manners for special cases. To evaluate the usefulness of X-ray synchrotron radiation systems for real time observations, mouse fetal skeleton development was monitored with a high resolution X-ray synchrotron. A non-monochromatized X-ray synchrotron (white beam, 5C1 beamline) was employed to observe the skeleton of mice under anesthesia at embryonic day (E)12, E14, E15, and E18. At the same time, conventional radiography and mammography were used to compare with X-ray synchrotron. After synchrotron radiation, each mouse was sacrificed and stained with Alizarin red S and Alcian blue to observe bony structures. Synchrotron radiation enabled us to view the mouse fetal skeleton beginning at gestation. Synchrotron radiation systems facilitate real time observations of the fetal skeleton with greater accuracy and magnification compared to mammography and conventional radiography. Our results show that X-ray synchrotron systems can be used to observe the fine structures of internal organs at high magnification.
Animals ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology/radiography ; Female ; Fetus/*anatomy & histology/radiography ; Histocytochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Pregnancy ; Synchrotrons ; X-Rays

PURPOSE: We recently demonstrated the morphology of the anococcygeal ligament. As the anococcygeal ligament and raphe are often confused, the concept of the anococcygeal raphe needs to be re-examined from the perspective of fetal development, as well as in terms of adult morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the horizontal sections of 15 fetuses as well as adult histology. From cadavers, we obtained an almost cubic tissue mass containing the dorsal wall of the anorectum, the coccyx and the covering skin. Most sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Masson-trichrome solution. RESULTS: The adult ligament contained both smooth and striated muscle fibers. A similar band-like structure was seen in fetuses, containing: 1) smooth muscle fibers originating from the longitudinal muscle coat of the anal canal and 2) striated muscle fibers from the external anal sphincter (EAS). However, in fetuses, the levator ani muscle did not attach to either the band or the coccyx. Along and around the anococcygeal ligament, we did not find any aponeurotic tissue with transversely oriented fibers connecting bilateral levator ani slings. Instead, in adults, a fibrous tissue mass was located at a gap between bilateral levator ani slings; this site corresponded to the dorsal side of the ligament and the EAS in the immediately deep side of the natal skin cleft. CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that a classically described raphe corresponds to the specific subcutaneous tissue on the superficial or dorsal side of the anococcygeal ligament.
Aged, 80 and over ; Anal Canal/*anatomy & histology/embryology ; *Cadaver ; Female ; *Fetus ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth/*anatomy & histology/embryology ; Rectum/*anatomy & histology/embryology

I examined the sphericity and the congruity of the femoral head and the acetabulum in 172 Korean fetuses and in 655 Korean adults. I found that Korean fetal acetabuli and femoral heads are spherical and that the proportion of the head contained in the acetabulum remains constant and congruous throughout the fetal life. Adult actabuli and femoral heads are also spherical in both gender and are there are no visible changes in the shape of the acetabuli and the femoral heads with respect to age. No evidence was found that the congruity of the hip joint is a cause of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Clinical Relevance: Stable hip joints at the time of birth provide an explantation for the low incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip joint in Koreans. The spherical femoral head and acetabulum (congruous hip joint) seem to be a contributing factor to the low incidence of primary osteoarthritis of the hip in Koreans.
Acetabulum/*anatomy and histology/embryology ; Adult ; Female ; Femur Head/*anatomy and histology/embryology ; Fetus/anatomy and histology ; *Hip Joint/pathology ; Human ; Incidence ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Osteoarthritis, Hip/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology

I examined the sphericity and the congruity of the femoral head and the acetabulum in 172 Korean fetuses and in 655 Korean adults. I found that Korean fetal acetabuli and femoral heads are spherical and that the proportion of the head contained in the acetabulum remains constant and congruous throughout the fetal life. Adult actabuli and femoral heads are also spherical in both gender and are there are no visible changes in the shape of the acetabuli and the femoral heads with respect to age. No evidence was found that the congruity of the hip joint is a cause of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Clinical Relevance: Stable hip joints at the time of birth provide an explantation for the low incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip joint in Koreans. The spherical femoral head and acetabulum (congruous hip joint) seem to be a contributing factor to the low incidence of primary osteoarthritis of the hip in Koreans.
Acetabulum/*anatomy and histology/embryology ; Adult ; Female ; Femur Head/*anatomy and histology/embryology ; Fetus/anatomy and histology ; *Hip Joint/pathology ; Human ; Incidence ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Osteoarthritis, Hip/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology

The presence of elastin layers in the aortic walls of twelve human fetuses was confirmed with scanning electron microscope pictures after hot alkali treatment and histochemical examination. In addition, the number of elastin layers in aortic walls of 5 different segments were compared in fetuses of varying ages. Aldehyde fuchsin stained slides of elastin ascending aortas showed a range between 27 and 55 layers of elastin in fetuses of 8 weeks to 32 weeks. However, in the lower abdominal aortas, elastin layers decreased from 28 to only 3 layers for fetuses of the same age. Furthermore, as elastin layers decreased from ascending aorta to abdominal aorta with the progression of fetal life, similar changes in the elastin lamellae were observed. These results suggest that while aortas grow rapidly in length, the medial elastin thickens slowly, perhaps due to slow development of hydrodynamic forces and pressures. Also the adventitial elastin appears to lose out gradually along the length from ascending aorta to abdominal aorta.
Aorta/*embryology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Elastin/*metabolism ; Fetus/anatomy & histology/*metabolism/physiology ; Human

Although Aristotle is commonly known as a theoretical philosopher and a logician, he was also a great natural scientist. Actually in modern terms he was the first ever anatomist who originated anatomy. Despite the fact that he didn't directly dissect humans, he observed parts of fetus and tried systematic analysis of animal bodies. The achievements he has accomplished in human anatomy and animal comparative anatomy are countless. He accurately described organs and built a foundation for presenting scientific reasons in anatomical research. Furthermore, he made modern nomenclature which is still being used today and his observational skills were so precise it was hard to even believe. Even though there were a lot of errors in his physiological concepts, his structural descriptions about organs and body parts were the best at that time. The aim of this article is to discuss how Aristotle's anatomy and philosophy are closely related. It's aim is to take a look at his anatomical achievements, errors and Aristotelian philosophy in its bearing on anatomical thoughts. In addition, the goal is to knowledge today's anatomists about Aristotle's astonishing achievements as a great pioneer in anatomy.
Anatomists ; Anatomy, Comparative ; Animals ; Biology ; Embryology ; Fetus ; Human Body ; Humans ; Philosophy* ; Physiological Phenomena