No abstract available.
Female ; Fetomaternal Transfusion* ; Pregnancy

Blood samples from mothers during labor and after delivery were tested for the occurrence of fetomaternal transfusing using Nierhaus acid elution technique. Fetomaternal transfusion had occured 1/2 of the mothers after delivery, 2/3 of the mothers during labor. The fetomateonal transfusions after delivery were most often less than 4.0?? and only few percent had fetomaternal transfusions more than 4.0??. Complicated pregnancy, duration of labor, induction of labor with oxytocics did not increased the incide- nce of fetomaternal transfusion. Manual removal of placenta increased the incidence of fetomaternal transfusion.
Female ; Fetomaternal Transfusion* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea* ; Mothers ; Oxytocics ; Placenta ; Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Presence of fetal D positive RBCs in maternal peripheral blood of D negative pregnants induce Rh alloimmunization. Early detection of fetal D positive RBCs would eliminate the risk to an D positive fetus in pregnancy. We demonstrate and evaluate relibility of a sensitive polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-based assay for the RHD fetus gene detection from maternal peripheral blood samples. METHODS: The amplification of RHD gene and RHCcEe gene site were done in peripheral blood sample(n=17) of nine D negative pregnants by polymerase chain reaction and evaluated the sensitivity of PCR genotyping in serially diluted D positive sample. If RHD amplicated band(189 bp) were found with RHCcEe band(136 bp) in peripheral blood of D negative pregnants, the results were interpreted as positive for fetomaternal hemorrhage detection. RESULTS: Gestational age distribution of samples were from 7 to 39 weeks include postpartum one day. The RHD typing by PCR showed good sensitivity to detect up to 0.05% fetomaternal hemorrhage. Two cases were positive by PCR among 17 samples and their gestaional age was 22 and 27 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: RHD PCR showed good sensitivity for fetomaternal hemorrhage detection and prophylaxis of Rho(D) alloimmunization should be carefully done by this results because fetomaternal hemorrhage were detected in early gestational age by PCR.
Female ; Fetomaternal Transfusion ; Fetus ; Gestational Age ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy

From Feb, 1977, through Aug. 1977, 100 venous blood samples obtained from women within 48 hr after delivery were examnied for fetomaternal transfusion by the Nierhaus acid elution technique. Blood smears were scanned at 100 high power field for enumeration of fetal erythrocytes. 1. The incidence of fetomaternal transfusion was 26% 2. The incidence of fetomaternal transfusion was the highest (39.1%) in mothers of blood type O, the lowerst(12%) in mothers of blood type B. 3. The incidence of fetomaternal transfusion was no correlation with gravidity, parity, numbers of abortion and induction of labor by pitocin. 4. The incidence of fetomaternal transfusion was higher in caesarean section and manual delivery of placenta than normal veginal delivery and sponeaneous delivery of placenta. 5. The incidence of fetomaternal transfusion was increased in case of low cord hemoglobin level.
Cesarean Section ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Fetomaternal Transfusion* ; Gravidity ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mothers ; Oxytocin ; Parity ; Placenta ; Pregnancy

Fetomaternal hemorrhage is very common and the commonest cause of anernia in the newborn. But, few blood cells enter the maternal circulation in most pregnancies. Occasionally large intrauterine bleeding results in severe fetal and neonatal anemia, shock, and rarely death. To identify the fetal blood in the maternal circu1ation, acid elution technique of Kleihauer-Betke test is usually used. And imrnedate neonatal blood transfusion should be done for good prognosis. We report a case of massive feto-maternal hemorrhage (>100 ml) in a preterm neonate with severe anemia at birth, which was diagnosed by Kleihauer-Betke test and was treated with blood transfusion.
Anemia ; Anemia, Neonatal ; Blood Cells ; Blood Transfusion ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Fetomaternal Transfusion ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Prognosis ; Shock

Transfer of large quantities of fetal blood across the placental barrier to the maternal circulation is a rare occurrence which results in severe anemia in the newborn infants. This phenomenon is believed to occur most often during labor and delivery and apparently, is more frequent when abnormal obstetric conditions are present. However, fetal erythrocytes have been identified in the naternal circulation throughout most of pregnancy indicating some degree of constant or intermittent transplacental transfusion. We experienced a case of stillbirth due to large amount of fetomaternal transfusion. Acid elutionl test of maternal blood was positive and direct and indirect Coombs test was negative. Ultrasonographic finding on abdomen and cranium to rule out the internal hemorrhage was normal. We report a case of stillbirth due to fetomaternal transfusion with a brief review of related literatures.
Abdomen ; Anemia ; Coombs Test ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Fetomaternal Transfusion* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Skull ; Stillbirth*

Authors experienced a newborn treated with severe anemia transferred to our hospital due to pulselessness and apnea shortly after birth. Laboratory analysis of the blood on admission revealed hemoglobin 3.1 g/dL, reticulocyte 11.0%. Kleihauer-Betke test for fetal hemoglobin from maternal blood was seen Hgb F 7%, then we suggested almost 180 ml fetomaternal hemorrhage. But, anemia was not improved despite repeated packed RBC transfusion. So, we evaluated the other cause of intractable anemia. The results were as follows; the Coombs' test was positive. The antibody identification test using mother's serum revealed anti-Mia antibody. The patient improved with supportive treatment, but got hypoxic brain injury due to massive fetomaternal hemorrhage. At day 29, the infant was doing well and was discharged. We report a case of neonatal isoimmune hemolytic disease due to anti-Mia with massive fetomaternal hemorrhage with a brief review of the related literatures.
Anemia ; Apnea ; Brain Injuries ; Coombs Test ; Female ; Fetal Hemoglobin ; Fetomaternal Transfusion* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Reticulocytes

Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage is major cause of neonatal anemia. And neonatal anemia is fatal disease of high mortality rate. Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage is defined as hemorrhage of fetal blood above 150 mL in the maternal circulation. Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage is infrequent but represents a fatal cause of perinatal death. To identify fetal blood in the maternal circulation, Kleihauer-Betke test or flow cytometry has been usually used. But recently HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) is used in the detection and quantification of fetomaternal transfusion. In fetomaternal transfusion, anemic newborn must be treated when circulatory failure is present. Circulatory failure often necessitates blood transfusion. We report two cases of severe anemia due to massive fetomaternal hemorrhage in full term baby. Each case was diagnosed by high performance lipuid chromatography and treated with exchange transfusion in order to avoid fluid overload and subsequent heart failure.
Anemia ; Anemia, Neonatal ; Blood Transfusion ; Chromatography ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Fetomaternal Transfusion ; Flow Cytometry ; Heart Failure ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Shock

Transcervical chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was performed in 174 patients between 7 & 12 menstrual weeks of pregnancy opting for prenatal diagnosis. Advanced maternal age was the most common indication for CVS (39.7%). The sampling success rate was 95.4% (166/174), representing 88.9% at 7 to 8 weeks, 98.9% at 9 to 10 weeks & 92.7% at 11 to 12 weeks gestation. In 139 of 174 patients (80%), successful sampling was accomplished in one or two catheter passages only. Four spontaneous fetal losses (2.3%) occurred. The cytogenetic analysis routinely used was the direct overnight & long-term culture methods which revealed 4 abnormalities (2.4%). To date, 90 of the women have been delivered & all infants are doing well and the remaining 65 pregnancies are continuing uneventually. Maternal serum alphafetoprotein (MSAFP) concentration was determined in 72 patients immediately before & after CVS. A significant increase of 20% or more, comparable to pre CVS levels, was noted immediately after sampling in 56 of 72 patients (77.8%). The increase in MSAFP concentration correlated with the amount of villi sampled (r = 0.498, p less than 0.001) & with the number of sampling attempts (p less than 0.05). Estimated CVS related fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) ranged from 0.005 to 0.1552 ml and in 5 of 72 patients (6.90%) 0.06 ml or more of FMH was noted. Two of the 5 patients had FMH of 0.1 ml or more.
Chorionic Villi Sampling/*adverse effects ; *Chromosome Aberrations ; Female ; Fetomaternal Transfusion/etiology ; Human ; Pilot Projects ; Pregnancy/*blood ; Rh Isoimmunization/etiology ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; alpha-Fetoproteins/*analysis

Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) is a major cause of unexplained fetal death and neonatal anemia. FMH can be diagnosed using the Kleihauer-Betke test or flow cytometry by identifying the presence of fetal red cells in the maternal blood. However, timely diagnosis is a challenge because many hospitals lack the equipment needed to perform such tests. The authors experienced a case of FMH diagnosed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which is generally used in measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in a patient with unexplained neonatal anemia. A girl aged 2 days was transferred to our hospital for showing pallor and a hemoglobin level of 5.0 g/dL. HPLC revealed 3% fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in the maternal blood. HPLC is a quick test for quantifying HbF that is readily available in many hospitals and could serve as a promising alternative for diagnosing FMH.
Anemia, Neonatal ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fetal Death ; Fetal Hemoglobin ; Fetomaternal Transfusion ; Flow Cytometry ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pallor ; Pregnancy ; Prothrombin Time