74 pregnancies in National Institute of protection of Mother and Children’s Health were studied concerning the fetal weigh matching 8 parameters of ultrasonic measurement of the fetus. Data based on the ratio of weigh/height of each method were annalyzed. The ratio of the mean diameter of fetus abdomen and the weight is r # 0,8 give a high value of diagnosis with an error <200g (55%). This is an eligible and generally applicable method. The graphic of abdomen development showing the correlation of mean diameter of the fetus and the fetal weight has clinical application value for diagnosis
ultrasonography ; Uterus ; Fetal Weight

In the year 2002 at the central hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecoligy. The number of newborn babies of > 4000g accounted for 2,6% of all obstetric cases, among them the male number was 1,9 fold higher than the female and the multiparum delivering cases was 1,7 folds higher than the monoparum. In delivering heavy babies > 4000g, Caesarian section was the method of large choice (78,5%) but in normal delivery, complication is the most common (70,6%) and hypoglycemia is the complication of highest frequency (78,3%)
Pregnancy ; Diagnosis ; Fetal Weight

No abstract available.
Birth Weight* ; Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Parturition* ; Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Clinical estimation of fetal weight is a basic skill an obstetrician should master. Although the use of ultrasound has gained much popularity in the recent decade, in low resource settings, most patients do not have the luxury to have an ultrasound done for their babies, more so a sonographic estimate. Four methods of clinical estimation - Dare's method, Johnson's formula, Modified Johnson's Formula and abdominal palpation were used in the study and compared with the actual weight of the baby.

OBJECTIVE: To come up with the best/most reliable clinical method to use in estimating fetal weight among women in the late third trimester of pregnancy.

METHODOLOGY: The study used a prospective study design. All women beyond 34 weeks age of gestation admitted at the OB admitting section and ward were included. A total of 370 parturients were included. Senior residents on duty at the OB admitting section were asked to record their examination after the patient had given her consent. Those admitted at the wards were examined by the resident in charge and principal investigator after the patient consented to the study. The actual birthweight was used as the gold standard value. Paired Sample T-test was used to determine whether the estimates are comparable to the actual birthweight. Each formulae for estimating fetal weight were compared to the actual birthweight. Percentage error of each was computed and compared using the Wilcoxon Test and absolute percentage error were compared using T-test. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine inter-observer difference.

RESULTS: The palpation method had the lowest mean absolute error, followed by Dare's Method. The Modified Johnson's Formula had the highest mean absolute error. Similarly, the palpation method had the highest number of estimates with difference less than 100 grams from the actual value. This is consistent with the absolute percent error which showed that the palpation method has most estimates (73.2%) having less than 5% error, followed by Dare's Method (49.5%), and Johnson's (38.6%). The Modified Johnson's Formula had the least number of estimates at less than 5%, at 10.8%. At 34 - 37 weeks age of gestation, the palpation method had the lowest mean percentage error (0.41±5.18) followed by Modified Johnson's formula (1.40±15.54). The Johnson's Formula yielded the highest percentage error at 13.29±18.56. At 37 weeks age of gestation and above, the Dare's Method had the lowest mean percentage error (0.91±8.51), followed by the Johnson's Formula (-1.14±9.62), then Palpation Method (-1.59±6.16).

CONCLUSION: Based on the data garnered, the clinician's estimate using the palpation method is by far the most accurate in any age of gestation, followed by Johnson's Method, with the Modified Johnson's Method with the least accurate estimate. At 34-37 weeks age of gestation, the palpation method had the closest estimate. At 37 weeks age of gestation and above, the Dare's Method is more superior.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the relationships between maternal plasma and umbilical cord leptin concentrations and their effects on newborn birth weights, maternal body mass indices and fetal sex in term normotensive (NT) and preeclampsia (PE) women. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained at delivery from 20 NT group and another 20 from PE group of at least 36 weeks of gestation. And the umbilical cord samples were also taken from their newborns at birth. Plasma leptin levels were determined in both groups using a human recombinant leptin 125-I radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Mean maternal plasma and umbilical cord leptin concentrations were 16.16+/-2.05 ng/ml and 7.11+/-1.01 ng/ml in NT group, 17.09+/-1.67 ng/ml and 8.55+/-6.63 ng/ml in PE group, and there was no statistical significances among them. The differences of leptin concentrations in maternal plasma and umbilical cord according to baby sex were not significant in both NT and PE groups. Plasma leptin concentrations were related with maternal weight gain and BMI in NT group and with body weight in PE group. The BMI and birth weights of the neonates have significant effects on the umbilical cord leptin concentrations in both NT and PE groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, no correlation was found between maternal plasma and umbilical cord leptin concentrations in both NT and PE groups. But maternal plasma leptin concentrations had positive correlations with maternal body weight, BMI, and body weight changes during pregnancy in both NT and PE groups. There were also positive correlations among umbilical cord leptin concentrations, BMI and birth weights of the neonates of NT and PE groups term. Therefore umbilical cord leptin is considered to be the index of fetal birth weight.
Birth Weight ; Body Weight ; Body Weight Changes ; Female ; Fetal Blood* ; Fetal Weight* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Leptin* ; Parturition ; Plasma* ; Pre-Eclampsia* ; Pregnancy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Umbilical Cord ; Weight Gain

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the relationships between maternal plasma and umbilical cord leptin concentrations and their effects on newborn birth weights, maternal body mass indices and fetal sex in term normotensive (NT) and preeclampsia (PE) women. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained at delivery from 20 NT group and another 20 from PE group of at least 36 weeks of gestation. And the umbilical cord samples were also taken from their newborns at birth. Plasma leptin levels were determined in both groups using a human recombinant leptin 125-I radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Mean maternal plasma and umbilical cord leptin concentrations were 16.16+/-2.05 ng/ml and 7.11+/-1.01 ng/ml in NT group, 17.09+/-1.67 ng/ml and 8.55+/-6.63 ng/ml in PE group, and there was no statistical significances among them. The differences of leptin concentrations in maternal plasma and umbilical cord according to baby sex were not significant in both NT and PE groups. Plasma leptin concentrations were related with maternal weight gain and BMI in NT group and with body weight in PE group. The BMI and birth weights of the neonates have significant effects on the umbilical cord leptin concentrations in both NT and PE groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, no correlation was found between maternal plasma and umbilical cord leptin concentrations in both NT and PE groups. But maternal plasma leptin concentrations had positive correlations with maternal body weight, BMI, and body weight changes during pregnancy in both NT and PE groups. There were also positive correlations among umbilical cord leptin concentrations, BMI and birth weights of the neonates of NT and PE groups term. Therefore umbilical cord leptin is considered to be the index of fetal birth weight.
Birth Weight ; Body Weight ; Body Weight Changes ; Female ; Fetal Blood* ; Fetal Weight* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Leptin* ; Parturition ; Plasma* ; Pre-Eclampsia* ; Pregnancy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Umbilical Cord ; Weight Gain

PURPOSE: Leptin, a product of the ob gene, is a 16-KDa protein that is mainly expressed in the adipose tissue and involved in the regulation of body weight. Elevated levels of serum leptin is noted in pregnant woman and the placenta is the site of nonadipose tissue production of leptin. In this study, we investigated the effect of serum leptin concentrations on fetal growth to estimate the effect of leptin on fetal growth. METHOD: Leptin concentrations were measured in venous and arterial cord blood and maternal serum at birth using a specific radioimmunoassay employing human recombinant leptin(Human Leptin RIA kit; Linco research, St. Louis, Mo). Thirty two full term pregnant women(n=32) had no medical complications and delivered the healthy babies(male=14, female=18). RESULTS: Serum leptin levels were 1.51 - 19,36 ng/ml(mean 7.16, SD 3.76) in arterial cord blood and 1.59 - 16.18(mean 7.47, SD 4.08) in venous cord blood and there was no difference between arterial and venous cord blood. Serum concentrations in arterial and venous cord blood were positively correlated with birth weight(r=0.7181, 0.6970; p<0.0001). There was no correlation in maternal BMI, maternal serum leptin and cord blood leptin concentrations. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that cord blood leptin independently contributes to fetal body weight regardless of maternal serum leptin and body weight.
Adipose Tissue ; Birth Weight* ; Body Weight ; Female ; Fetal Blood* ; Fetal Development ; Fetal Weight ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced* ; Leptin* ; Parturition* ; Placenta ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Radioimmunoassay

No abstract available.
Fetal Weight* ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn ; Parturition* ; Weight Gain*

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to compare the difference of each fetal heart rate (FHR) variables between each categorized group according to birth weight and fetal sex using computerized analysis system of fetal heart rate. METHODS: Non stress test (NST) of four hundred normal pregnant women were grouped based on birth weight to 4 groups, <2,500 g, 2,500~<3000 g, 3,000~<3,500 g and above 3,500 g. Fifty male and 50 female babies entered to each group. So, 100 normal pregnant women entered for the study in each group. For collection and analysis of data and values of each variables, our own FHR interpretation sofware, HYFM-II (Windows version 1.0) was used. RESULT: From the comparison between each group classified by each criteria, there were no specific significant differences in baseline FHR, FHR variability (amplitude & mean minute range), signal loss rate, number of fetal movements, the number of FHR acceleration & the number of FHR deceleration those were obtained by our computerized FHR analysis system. CONCLUSION: We confirm that there were no specific differences in each FHR varibles according to birth weight and fetal sex at least in term normal pregnancy.
Acceleration ; Birth Weight ; Deceleration ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Fetal Heart ; Fetal Movement ; Heart Rate, Fetal ; Humans ; Male ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women

Birth Weight ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Biology