No abstract available.
Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetal Movement* ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Music* ; Pregnancy

Acoustic stimulation test(AST), is currently being used as an alternative tool of nonstress test (NST). However, there are no standard guideline for analysis of AST. Computerized numerical analysis of AST would be helpful for development of diagnostic criteria of AST. Fifty-one normal pre-term pregnancies entered to this study after conventional 20-minutes NST and 10-minutes AST. Acoustic stimulations were performed using Fetal Acoustic Stimulator (Model 146, Corometrics, US). We analyzed the FHR response after acoustic stimulation using our on-line computerized FHR analysis system, HYFM-I & II software. The changes of loss of signal, baseline FHR, variability, number of fetal movements, and number of FHR accelerations were analyzed numerically. The loss of signal was increased about 2 fold(122.61%). The baseline FHR was increased from 144.57bpm to 156.81bpm(8.5%) after acoustic stimulation. Number of fetal movements was increased about 2 fold(from 2.1 to 4.12/10 minutes). FHR variability was also increased from 17.81 bpm to 26.37 bpm. After AST, number of FHR accelaration was increased 55.47%(10sec 10bpm) and 68.42%(15sec 15bpm), respectively. In this study, we acrumulated elemental FHR data using computerized system after AST. These data would be helpful in the accurate analysis of AST and also enable us to develop the objective interpretation system for AST.
Acceleration ; Acoustic Stimulation* ; Acoustics* ; Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetal Movement ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy*

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study is to compare the differences of fetal heart rate (FHR) variables between preterm and term pregnancies after acoustic stimulation using computerized analysis of fetal heart rate. METHODS: Eighty-two normal pre-term and term pregnancies entered to this study after conventional 20-minutes nonstress test(NST) and 10-minutes acoustic stimulation test (AST). Acoustic stimulations were performed using Fetal Acoustic Stimulator (Model 146, Corometrics, US). We analyzed the FHR response after acoustic stimulation using our on-line computerized FHR analysis system, HYFM-I & II software. The changes of loss of signal, baseline FHR, variability, number of fetal movements, and number of FHR accelerations were analyzed numerically. RESULT: The mean baseline FHR was increased in term pregnancies from 141+/-7.0bpm to 152.7+/-9.7bpm, and in preterm pregnancies from 144.6+/-6.8bpm to 156.8+/-10.2bpm, respectively. The mean baseline FHR was significantly increased in both term and preterm pregnancies (p<0.01. paired t-test). The variability of FHR was increased in term pregnancies from 18.2+/-6.4bpm to 22.6+/-5.0bpm and in preterm pregnancies from 17.8+/-5.5bpm to 22.7+/-5.9bpm, respectively. The variability of FHR was also significantly increased in both term and preterm pregnancies. (p<0.01. paired t-test) CONCLUSION: The mean baseline FHR and the variability of FHR was significantly increased both preterm and term pregnancies. But the difference of each FHR variables between preterm pregnancies and term pregnancies was not statistically significant in this study.
Acceleration ; Acoustic Stimulation* ; Acoustics* ; Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetal Movement ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Pregnancy

In this paper, using ultrasonic doppler signal, we composed fetal heart sound / fetal movement diagnosis and web-based database server/client environment. Detecting fetal heart rate and movement at the same time, for the data loss-caused from telemetering-protection and the high speed diagnosis, we made two signals mix and transmit. For the better communication between obstetrician and remote woman/fetus, we proposed database table that could reflect the whole information about remote fetus and its mom. And we supported HL-7 format so that we might be compatible with other vendor product and easy to access web-based hospital computerization system. Applying doctor to web-based high level biosignal analysis algorithm and expert system, we offered remote fetal biosignal and diagnostic assistant data inducing fast diagnosis. We made web-based fetal diagnostic system and improved web system compatibility, fast diagnosis and minimum of the rate of misdiagnosis.
Commerce ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Expert Systems ; Female ; Fetal Heart ; Fetal Monitoring* ; Fetal Movement ; Fetus ; Heart Rate, Fetal ; Pregnancy ; Ultrasonics

OBJECTIVE: We aim to analyze each variable of FHR in high risk pregnancies, namely intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) including chronic hypertensive vascular disease (CHVD), mild and severe preeclampsia to build an objective decision basis using correlation analysis. METHODS: The patients were divided into two groups (500 normal pregnancies and 500 high risk pregnancies related to IUGR, CHVD, mild and severe preeclampsia), and then subdivided into intrauterine pregnancy before 24 weeks, 25-39 weeks, and after 40 weeks. We compared the canonical correlation between each group using variables of FHR after nonstress test (NST). RESULTS: In high risk pregnancies, the linearity was 0.6-0.8 in intrauterine pregnancy before 24 weeks, 0.53-0.68 in 25-29 weeks, 0.50-0.60 in 30-34 weeks, 0.38-0.45 in 35-39 weeks and 0.42-0.55 in after 40 weeks. In normal pregnancies, the linearity was 0.44-0.52 in intrauterine pregnancy before 24 weeks, 0.38-0.45 in 25- 39 weeks which was stable, and there was no specific change in after 40 weeks. Before 32 weeks, canonical variates of FHR_D and FHR_I revealed highest (0.36, 0.47 respectively) in high risk pregnancy and fetal movement and signal loss was the most valuable factors in normal pregnancy. In between 33 to 37 weeks, fetal movement (0.40) and signal loss (0.48) were related most closely in high risk pregnancies and 0.34 and 0.49 respectively in normal pregnancies which show similar pattern. In contrast, FHR_D was most highly related to the duration of pregnancy and FHR_I to fetal movement (0.38) in high risk pregnancy. In normal pregnancies, fetal movement (0.40) and signal loss (0.52) showed the highest linearity. CONCLUSION: The pregnancy with intrauterine growth restriction and pregnancy induced hypertension has more linear relation and less complexity in each variable of FHR than the normal pregnancy group. The formal, functional underdevelopment of fetus may results in the increasement of the linear depedent relation in each variable of FHR in these type of high risk pregnancies.
Female ; Fetal Development* ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetal Movement ; Fetus ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced* ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnancy, High-Risk ; Vascular Diseases

Monitoring fetal movement serves as an indirect rneasure of fetal well-being, especially for central nervous system integrity and function. Methods to monitor fetal movement vary from the simple approach of having the mother chart perceived movement to highly specialized methods. However there were no reliable objective monitoring methods in Korea. For development of objective method for evaluating fetal movement, during pregnancy, one-hundred and two pregnant patients were entered to this study. All patients were divided into following 3 groups and each type of monitoring methods were applied. Group 1(N=20): Type I using portable FHR Doppler unit(IFD-100 model, Intermed, Korea). Group 2(N=20): Type II using FHR Microphone(Prenatal Listening Kit, Model FS002, Unisar Inc., US). Group 3(N=62): Type III using conventional ultrasound transducer(Corometric 115 Model, US). In this study, accurate counting of the fetal movementutus were best performed using Type III, because of monitoring fetal movements has its greatest efficiency when using conventional ultrasound transducer of fetal monitor. It was also attractive to doctors and nurses as a convenient methods because it needed only single transducer when compared to Type I and II. Although monitoring fetal body movement permits a general assessment of well-being, no perfect technique is still reliable. Futher techniques would be developed using the results of this study for improvement of several factors such as accuracy and objectiveness
Central Nervous System ; Fetal Monitoring ; Fetal Movement* ; Humans ; Korea ; Mothers ; Pregnancy* ; Transducers ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to compare the difference of each fetal heart rate (FHR) variables between each categorized group according to birth weight and fetal sex using computerized analysis system of fetal heart rate. METHODS: Non stress test (NST) of four hundred normal pregnant women were grouped based on birth weight to 4 groups, <2,500 g, 2,500~<3000 g, 3,000~<3,500 g and above 3,500 g. Fifty male and 50 female babies entered to each group. So, 100 normal pregnant women entered for the study in each group. For collection and analysis of data and values of each variables, our own FHR interpretation sofware, HYFM-II (Windows version 1.0) was used. RESULT: From the comparison between each group classified by each criteria, there were no specific significant differences in baseline FHR, FHR variability (amplitude & mean minute range), signal loss rate, number of fetal movements, the number of FHR acceleration & the number of FHR deceleration those were obtained by our computerized FHR analysis system. CONCLUSION: We confirm that there were no specific differences in each FHR varibles according to birth weight and fetal sex at least in term normal pregnancy.
Acceleration ; Birth Weight ; Deceleration ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Fetal Heart ; Fetal Movement ; Heart Rate, Fetal ; Humans ; Male ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to estimate gestational age by using FHR parameters after linear and nonlinear analysis of FHR data. Linear spectral decomposition has a limit to describe and analyze the nonlinear and complex physiological nature. Random processing and chaotic analysis assist to quantify some patterned energies, interaction of the physiological system in body system, which the constancy is preserved, and complexity of physical cardiovascular system. But there are no great development of new device which notify fetal age. METHODS: From March 1995 to December 2000, 2,548 cases who received NST during antenatal visit were included in this study. Among these cases, 1000 cases were sampled randomly. We divided this cases into a study and a control group, 500 cases for model building set and the other 500 cases for validation set. Each FHR parameters such as baseline FHR, variability (AMP, MMR), acceleration & deceleration (15 bpm-15 seconds), loss of signal, the number of fetal movement were analysed by using our own computerized HYFM-I, II software system. The linear and non-linear analysis of FHR were done after extracting approximate entropy (ApEn) value. Finally, we performed regression analysis and extract an equation for estimation of gestational weeks using bootstrap method. RESULTS: We extract a following equation using above study method: Log(GA)=5.870-0.051(Sloss*)-0.065(Mean FHR*)+0.049(Mean FHR*)2-0.058(FM*)+0.048(AMP*)2+0.121(A1515*)-0.031(A1515*)2+0.036(ApEn*)2. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate dating of pregnancy, namely gestational week is very important for antenatal diagnosis in the field of perinatal medicine. This study will propose scientific research results which are useful for studying normal and morbid generating physiological fetal condition. We extract an appropriate equation for estimation of gestational weeks only using FHR parameters. We hope to compare our result with other authors' results in the near future.
Acceleration ; Cardiovascular System ; Deceleration ; Entropy ; Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetal Movement ; Gestational Age* ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Hope ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to estimate gestational age by using FHR parameters after linear and nonlinear analysis of FHR data. Linear spectral decomposition has a limit to describe and analyze the nonlinear and complex physiological nature. Random processing and chaotic analysis assist to quantify some patterned energies, interaction of the physiological system in body system, which the constancy is preserved, and complexity of physical cardiovascular system. But there are no great development of new device which notify fetal age. METHODS: From March 1995 to December 2000, 2,548 cases who received NST during antenatal visit were included in this study. Among these cases, 1000 cases were sampled randomly. We divided this cases into a study and a control group, 500 cases for model building set and the other 500 cases for validation set. Each FHR parameters such as baseline FHR, variability (AMP, MMR), acceleration & deceleration (15 bpm-15 seconds), loss of signal, the number of fetal movement were analysed by using our own computerized HYFM-I, II software system. The linear and non-linear analysis of FHR were done after extracting approximate entropy (ApEn) value. Finally, we performed regression analysis and extract an equation for estimation of gestational weeks using bootstrap method. RESULTS: We extract a following equation using above study method: Log(GA)=5.870-0.051(Sloss*)-0.065(Mean FHR*)+0.049(Mean FHR*)2-0.058(FM*)+0.048(AMP*)2+0.121(A1515*)-0.031(A1515*)2+0.036(ApEn*)2. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate dating of pregnancy, namely gestational week is very important for antenatal diagnosis in the field of perinatal medicine. This study will propose scientific research results which are useful for studying normal and morbid generating physiological fetal condition. We extract an appropriate equation for estimation of gestational weeks only using FHR parameters. We hope to compare our result with other authors' results in the near future.
Acceleration ; Cardiovascular System ; Deceleration ; Entropy ; Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetal Movement ; Gestational Age* ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Hope ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to determine the normal values of spectral and chaotic indexes and to assess the maturational process of autonomic and chaotic control of fetal heart rate according to gestational age. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-seven mothers with normal singleton pregnancies, who were 23 weeks or more in gestational age, was randomly chosen. For more than 40 minutes fetal heart rates and fetal movements were recorded and were downloaded to a computer. From each heart rate data, we extracted 25 minutes (3,000 points) worth of time series of dimension were calculated and then 2 weeks' average were compared to find the maturational change of them. RESULTS: LF power and LF/HF ratio which are indexes of cardiac sympathetic tone increased significantly (P=0.0001) with gestational age from 23 to 38 weeks. The HF power did not show significant developmental change. Correlation dimension, an index of chaotic control, tended to decrease with the gestational age (P=0.0001). It was 4.07 +/- 0.13 before 24 weeks and, after it reached the peak of 4.15 +/- 0.14 at 31-32 weeks, it gradually decrease to a slight but significant lower value of 3.67 +/- 0.08 at 41-42 weeks. CONCLUSION: Magnitude of cardiac sympathetic modulation increases until 37-38 weeks. On the average, fetal heart rate is regulated at least by four independent variables throughout the gestation and after 23 weeks of gestation. Complexity of heart rate control system peaks at 31-32 weeks then slightly decreases until term gestation, probably to synchronize the heart rate to other physiologic functions.
Female ; Fetal Movement ; Fetus* ; Gestational Age ; Heart Rate* ; Heart Rate, Fetal ; Heart* ; Humans ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Reference Values