Returning astronauts had experienced decreased immune function and increased vulnerability to infection during spaceflights.In immune system,cell adhesion molecules(CAMs) play an important role in regulating immune response in normal physiological conditions.Studying changes of CAMs under microgravity could not only understand the effects of microgravity and its molecular mechanism on immune function,but also help to study the relative mechanism about cell sensation of microgravity.In this review,we will introduce some downstream signal pathways,gene expression and the effects on cell functions under microgravity.All of them are regulated by cell adhesion molecules related with the immune system.

Objective To study the clinical and electrophysiological features of the patients with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy ( HNPP) diagnosed by gene analysis.Methods Seven patients from two HNPP families were assessed on medical history, physical examination, electrophysiology findings and gene analysis.Results A clinical manifestation of acute, painless, recurrent peripheral nerve palsies was typical for HNPP.Median, ulnar and peroneal nerves were usually affected.Electrophysiology study revealed that prolonged distal motor latency and slowing nerve conduction velocity were prominent.Gene studies exhibited a deletion of the peripheral myelination protein 22 gene in all the seven patients.Conclusions HNPP usually affects areas where nerves are subject to entrapment, and many episodes are preceded by minor compression on the affected nerve.As a reliable screening tool in detecting HNPP, the electrophysiological study shows that segmental demyelination is most commonly seen at common nerve entrapment sites.

Objective To study the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)in diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS). Methods We studied the findings of electrophysiological examination and MRI in 30 elbows of 23 patients with CuTS and 15 elbows of 1 5 controls.We observed the motor conduction velocity (MCV),cross sectional area (CSA)and relative signal intensity (RSI)of the ulnar nerve acrossing the elbow at the point of largest size proximal to the entrapment point (CSA1 ,RSI1 )and the entrapment point (CSA2 ,RSI2 ).Then we calculated the ratio of CSA (CSAR=CSA1/CSA2 ),and the ratio of RSI (RSIR=RSI1/RSI2 ).Results The value of CSA1 and RSI1 was significantly greater than CSA2 ,RSI2 in the patient group (P<0.05).The value of CSA1 ,RSI1 , CSAR and RSIR in patients were significantly larger than that in controls (P<0.05).MCV was negatively correlated with CSA1 and CSAR in the patient group (r=-0.62,r=-0.53).There were no correlation between MCV and RSI1 ,RSIR in the patient group. The area under ROC curve of CSAR was the largest 0.94 (95% CI,0.83-1).The optimum cutoff point of CSAR was 1.83.The CSAR had sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 80% in diagnosis of CuTS.Conclusion MRI combined with the electrophysiologi-cal examination shows a high accuracy of locating the entrapment point of ulnar never lesion at the elbow.The CSAR of the ulnar nerve is the best MRI parameters in diagnosis of CuTS.

Purpose To explore the clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis of solitary bronchial papilloma, and its relation with and human papilloma virus infection.Methods Four cases of SBP were studied by routine histologic,immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization, together with review of the literature.Results One of four lesions was squamous cell papilloma, with focal malignant change of squamous cell carcinoma with microinvasion. The case was an old woman and the cancer located in central bronchus. Others were mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma, and two cases with features of moderate cytologic atypia. The age ranged from 25 to 73 years (average 54), and tumors were located in the bronchi and segmental bronchi. Papillary arborizing connective tissue stalks were lined by both squamous and glandular epithelium. Four papillomas were exophytic, with one case inverted partly. Four cases were examined for HPV DNA and all were negative.Conclusions SBP in adults is a rare lung neoplasm. Based on uncommon cases association with malignant change, all endobronchial papillomas should be completely excised.

Purpose　To investigate the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of Epstein-Barr virus-associated and Epstein-Barr virus not-associated primary intestinal T-cell lymphomas(ITCL) and to study their cell origins. Methods　In situ hybridization for EBER1/2 and immunohistochemical staining for immunophenotypes, LMP-1,TIA-1,bcl-2 and CD21 were performed in 32 cases. The clinical data were analyzed and all patients were followed-up. Results　(1) In 27 of the 32 cases, EBER1/2 were detected in the tumor cells, in which 11 presented LMP-1 positive reactions. (2) All 32 cases of ITCL revealed CD45RO positivity，in which 4（12.5%） expressed CD8，8（25.0%）expressed CD4, 9（28.1%）expressed CD56,and 31（96.9%）expressed TIA-1. There were 17（53.7%）cases with CD4-，CD8-，CD56- immunophenotype. None expressed bcl-2 and CD21. 32 ITCL were classified into pleomorphic medium and large cell(n=28), monomorphic medium-sized(n=2), pleomorphic small cell(n=2). Clinically, most patients with ITCL were young males with abdominal pain, hematochezia, fever and weight loss. The prognosis of patients with ITCL showed poor (survival median was 1.7 month). (3) The differences between EBV-associated and EBV not-associated ITCL lay in hematochezia, fever and the expression of CD3, CD8 and CD56. Conclusion　Most of Chinese ITCL are EBV-associated ones with unusual clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features，which are of different lineages of T-cell subtypes, including cytotoxic T-cell or NK cell.

Objective To modify anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)reconstruction to achieve better structure;to measure the tunnel's position and shape using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT)so as to show the change of the femoral bony tunnel.Methods Forty-five patients were diagnosed with an ACL tear and subsequently underwent the modified ACL reconstruction,using a minor-diameter drill to drill the femoral tunnel and then expand it to oval-shaped tunnel with the raspatory between July 2014 and 2015.All procedures were conducted by the same experienced surgeon (Ao Yf.).In all patients,CT was performed at one week after the ACL reconstruction to evaluate the femoral tunnel's positioning,then the CT-images were imported into the image processing software MIMICS to reconstruct the femoral bony tunnel to measure the tunnel's diameters of the section and the shape.The tunnel's position was evaluated using the quadrant method.Results In all the 45 patients,the graft could pass the tunnel.And no posterior tunnel wall blowout,neurological or vascular deficit was documented during the operation.According to the different methods of modification (6 to 7,6 to 8 and 7 to 8),the long diameters of the sections of the femoral bony tunnels were 8.34-± 0.52 mm,10.65 ± 0.72mm,9.27-± 0.11 mm,without significant difference from the theoretical value (8.16 mm,10.66 mm and 9.14 mm).However,the short diameters of the sections were 6.57--0.12 mm,6.74-± 0.13 mm,and 7.52 ± 0.05 mm,showing significant difference from the theoretical value (6mm,6mm and 7 mm).The average centre of the femoral tunnel was located at 26.4 ± 4.8％ of the femoral length and at 30.1 ± 5.6％ of the femoral height.Conclusion In this modified ACL reconstruction,a minor-diameter drill is used to drill the femoral tunnel and then expand it to oval-shaped tunnel with the raspatory,The graft was matched well with the bony tunnel intraoperatively.The three-dimensional CT shows that the femoral tunnels are well located within the anatomical ACL footprint,and its entrance is closer to the natural state.

Objective To study the general shape of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertion in rabbits and establish an animal model of ACL reconstruction using oval tunnels.Methods Eighteen mature white New Zealand rabbits were used in this study.Eight of them were used for anatomy study and the other 10 were for building an animal model.After removal of the medial femoral condyle and other soft tissues around ACL,the morphology of the ACL insertion was examined and the diameter of ACL insertions was measured using a caliper.An oval-tunnel dilator (1.6 mm×2.5 mm) was designed to make an oval-tunnel in the right knee of the rabbits while a round tunnel was drilled using a 2 mm diameter Kirschner wire in the left knee of the rabbits.Their hamstring tendon grafts were harvested as grafts for both sides and the compatibility between the bone tunnel and graft was examined for both groups.Right after the surgery,the knees of both sides were given the three-dimensional CT scan.Results The shape of ACL insertion of rabbits was oval.In the femur side,the average major and minor diameter of the ACL insertion was 5.28 ± 0.83 mm and 2.61 ± 0.33 mm respectively.In the tibial side,the major and the minor diameter of the ACL insertion was 5.33 ± 0.40 mm and 2.68 ±0.11 mm.The bone tunnel was compatible with the graft in both groups.In the oval tunnel ACL reconstruction group,the cross sectional area of the femoral bone tunnel was 3.18 ± 0.09 mm2 and the cross sectional area of the tibial bone tunnel was 3.26 ± 0.15 mm2.In the round tunnel ACL reconstruction group,the corresponding measurements were 3.13 ± 0.10 mm2 and 3.11 ± 0.11 mm2 respectively.There was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion The shape of ACL insertion in rabbits is oval.Using the self-made oval tunnel dilator we have successfully built an oval tunnel ACL reconstruction animal model with a good compatibility between the bone tunnel and graft.This lays the foundation for further research in the future.

DiGeorge Syndrome ; genetics ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Twins, Monozygotic

Objective To study features of the MRI and clinic in a family with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (PHSPG) type 6.Methods Target loci (SPG3, 4, 6, 8 10 and 12) linkage analysis was performed in a SPG pedigree having 6 affected individuals using microsatellite markers and NIPA1 gene was screened for mutation by PCR-amplification and sequencing. MRI of brain and cervical and thoracic spinal cord were examined in these 6 patients and 6 normal controls matched for age and sex by two independent radiologists blinded to the clinical diagnosis. Cross-sectional areas and anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the spinal cord at the levels of C2～3, C7, T1～4, T9 were measured and data was statistically analyzed using the student's t test. Results A missense mutation of 316g→c in NIPA1 was identified in the affected subjects, presumably resulting in substitution of glutamic acid for arginine in residue 106. Evaluation of the brain MRI images revealed non-specific brain abnormalities. All patients presented thinning of cervical and upper thoracic spine with atrophy in both gray and white matter and enlarged subarachnoid cavity. In severe atrophic segments, a distinct boundary between grey and white matter was observed and the lesions in grey matter presented literal high intensity spots or patches with clear boundary on transaxial T2-weighted images (T2WI) and high signal intensity longitudinal strip on the sagittal T2WI. Cross-sectional areas and anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the spinal cord at C2～3, C7, T1～4 were significantly smaller in patients than in controls, while at the T9 level only transverse diameter showed significant difference (7.22±0.08 vs 8.17±0.41, t=2.870, P=0.046). Conclusions These findings indicate that the disease process in patients with SPG6 might be confined to the cervical and thoracic spinal cord, with atrophy in both white and grey matter having a distinct boundary.

Objective To study the impact of antiviral therapy on patients with postoperative intrahepatic recurrence of hepatitis B related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,65 patients with HCC who were managed in our hospital from January 2004 to December 2011 for intrahepatic recurrence and had indications for antiviral treatment were included into this study.The patients were divided into two groups ; the antiviral and the control groups.Relevant data between these two groups such as cumulative survival after recurrence,Child-Pugh grade,HBV-DNA,HBeAg,AFP at the time of recurrence and 6 months later were studied.An analysis on multiple-factors was carried for survival after recurrence at 2 years.Results When compared with the control group,the antiviral group had better cumulative survival in all the cases and in the TACE cases (P ＜ 0.05 respectively).The cumulative survival in the RFA cases was not significantly different between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).A comparison was carried out in patients who received antiviral therapy which was combined with one or more other therapies (TACE,RFA,reoperation):(a) antiviral therapy only (8 patients) ; (b) combined with one therapy (22 patients) ; (c) combined with two therapies (10 patients) ; (d) combined with three therapies (2 patients).All P values of a:b,a:c,a:d,b:c,b:d were less than 0.05.The blood HBV-DNA of the two groups was significantly different at the time 6 months after recurrence (P ＜ 0.05).The results of multivariate analysis showed the 2-year survival was significantly correlated with recurrent tumor size,primary tumor class,antiviral therapy or not after recurrence,presence of absence of cirrhosis.All P values were less than 0.05.Conclusions Antiviral therapy had remarkable clinical impact on HCC patients with postoperative intrahepatic recurrence and with indication for antiviral treatment.Patients had better prognosis if antiviral therapy was combined with one or more other therapies.