Objective To establish a method of gas chromatography with head-space sampling for determination of five residual solvents ( acetone, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, dichloromethane, acetonitrile ) in raw material drug of cefotiam hexetil hydrochloride. Methods Agilent DB-624 capillary column(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0 μm)was used,with FID served as detector and DMF as the solvent. Results Linear relationships were obtained for the 5 residual solvents in their respective concentration ranges ( r=0.999 6-0.999 9,n=5) ,and the detection range was from 0.071 to 0.847μg. The stabilities measured as relative standard deviations ( RSD) for the 5 residual solvents were from 0.40% to 2.12% ( n=3) . The average recovery rates were 99.03% to 103.33%,and RSD were 0.54% to 3.41% ( n=3) . Conclusion The method is simple,sensitive and accurate for the residual solvent analysis in raw material drug of cefotiam hexetil hydrochloride.

Objective To analyze effect of the syphilis prevention and control work among female sex workers(FSWs), and provide reference data for target intervention in Guangdong province.Methods Syphilis prevalence among FSWs from 2009 to 2013 were analyzed statistically based on the data from Guangdong Provincial high-risk groups in sexually transmit-ted infection(STI)control program.Results A total of 34 338 FSWs were detected,including 23 816(69.36%)FSWs at the high-tier venues,8 811(25.66%)middle-tier,and 1 711(4.98%)low tier.The syphilis prevalence of FSWs at high-, middle-,and low-tier venues in 2009 was 2.60%,7.36%,and 10.54% respectively,and in 2013 was 1.45%,2.75%,and 21.88% respectively.Chi-square test showed a downward trend in the prevalence of syphilis among the high and middle tier FSWs in 2009-2013(χ2 =12.807,52.333 respectively,both P <0.001),and remained high among FSWs at low-tier venues(χ2 =0.027,P =0.87).The difference in syphilis prevalence in 2013 among FSWs from different types of venues was statistically significant (χ2 =190.64,P <0.001 ).No significant difference in syphilis prevalence was found among FSWs from Pearl River Delta,eastern,western and northern Guangdong(χ2 =5.24,P =0.07).Conclusion Significant difference is found in prevalence of syphilis among FSWs from different types of settings.FSWs from low-tier settings have a relatively lower syphilis testing rate but with higher infection rate.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 6 residual organic solvents in aprepitant raw material as methanol,ethanol,acetone,isopropyl alcohol,methyl tert-butyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.METHODS:Headspace capillary gas chromatography was adopted.The determination was performed on DB-624 capillary column using temperature programming.The temperature of injector port was 180 ℃,and flame ionization detector was used with temperature of 260 ℃.Nitrogen was used as carrier gas with flow rate 3.0 mL/min.The spilt ratio was 5 ∶ 1,and head-space injection volume was 1.0 mL.The head-space equilibrium temperature was set at 80 ℃,and equilibrium time was 40 min.RESULTS:The linear ranges of methanol,ethanol,acetone,isopropyl alcohol,methyl tert-butyl ether,tetrahydrofuran were 6.052-605.232 μ g/mL (r=0.999 9),9.987-998.718 μg/mL(r=0.999 9),9.998-999.768 μg/mL(r=0.999 8),9.986-998.634 μg/mL(r=0.999 9),9.991-999.090 μg/mL (r=0.999 7),1.461-146.133 μg/mL(r=0.999 5),respectively.The limits of quantitation were 1.782 1,2.079 0,0.749 8,1.777 8,0.223 1,0.607 0 μg/mL;the limits of detection were 0.594 0,0.693 0,0.249 9,0.592 6,0.074 4,0.202 3 μg/mL,respectively.RSD of precision test was lower than 2.0％.Only acetone and isopropyl alcohol were detected in stability test and reproducibility tests,RSD＜2.0％.Their recoveries were 99.34-100.75％ (RSD=0.52％,n=9),98.20％-100.24％ (RSD=0.69％,n=9),98.07％-100.07％ (RSD=0.84％,n=9),99.86％-101.32％ (RSD=0.58％,n=9),97.87％-104.02％ (RSD=2.13％,n=9),98.26 ％-100.58 ％ (RSD =0.75 ％,n =9),respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The established method is simple,accurate and reproducible,and can be used for simultaneous determination of 6 residual organic solvents in aprepitant raw material.

Dongting Lake area is one of the major marshland schistosomiasis endemic areas in China. In recent years spatial epidemiology is widely used in the research of schistosomiasis which is a new opportunity to break through the current wander-ing situation of schistosomiasis control. In this article both the generalized and Dongting-Lake-specific epidemic indicators of schistosomiasis are reviewed to provide the basis to construct the schistosomiasis Geographic Information System GIS database of Hunan Province.

Objective To comprehensively evaluate the effect of the program of treatment and assistance to advanced schis-tosomiasis patients in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2013. Methods The fund investment of the program,the profits of hospi-tals and the improvement of the patients’health were investigated by data collection and questionnaire survey. The evaluation index system of treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis in Hunan Province was constructed by the Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process,and the program was assessed comprehensively. Results The evaluation index system includ-ing 6 primary indices and 33 secondary indices was established. Among all the primary indices,the score of the treatment and assistance(22.25)was the highest,and that of the satisfaction assessment(8.15)was the lowest,and the score of the compre-hensive assessment was 87.06. The average cure rate of the patients was 13.08%from 2004 to 2013. More than 60%of the pa-tients’disease condition got better,and nearly 70%of the patients’psychological condition improved,and more than 70%of patients’self-help ability and social contact improved,as well as family happiness increased. In addition,the annual average cost for caretakers decreased by 2000 Yuan,and the profits of all the fixed-point hospitals for treatment and assistance in-creased. Conclusion The effectiveness and efficiency of the treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province is obvious,and the government should continuously invest in the program.

The optometrist education system in the United States has a history of more than 100 years and has become a complete and mature system. It contains five parts: optometry admission test (OAT); a complete curriculum of optometry, including basic medical lectures, optometric theories and skills, large amount of clinical practices; the National Board Exam of Optometry (NBEO) which is mandatory for every licensed optometrist/practitioner, a one-year optional resident program; continue education in every year for renewing optometric licenses. We analyzed differents such as the enrollment requirements, the training time, the graduation requirements and the career perspective of the optometry education system between China and the United States were analyzed, we want to develop a optometrist training system with Chinese characteristics.

Objective To investigate the compliance status of secondary prevention in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) following revascularization.MethodsA total of 512 patients with CAD who received procedures for coronary revascularization were enrolled in the study from January 2009 to October 2010,including 472 cases of percutaneous coronary intervention stenting,25 cases of coronary artery bypass grafting and 15 cases of stenting plus bypass.The demographic information,prophylactic drug therapies, lifestylechangesandmodifiableriskfactorsweresurveyedwithquestionnaires,anthroposomatologicalmeasurementsandlaboratorytestsinpatients3monthsaftercoronary revascularization.ResultsThe proportion of patients on statins,aspirin,β-blockers,angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitors/angiotensinreceptorblockers(ACEIs/ARBs)andinfluenzavaccinationwere 81.4％ (417/512),93.9％ ( 481/512 ),82.0％ ( 420/512 ),76.2％ ( 390/512 ) and 3.7％ ( 19/512 ) respectively.Based on the criteria recommended by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC)Guidelines for Secondary Prevention for Patients with Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2006 Update, the percentages of achieving therapeutic targets of modifiable risk factor management were as follows:glycosylated hemoglobin (90.2％,462/512 ),total cholesterol ( 68.6％,351/512 ),triglycerides ( 58.8％,301/512 ),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 91.6％,469/512 ),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 44.5 ％,228/512 ),systolic pressure ( 75.2 ％,385/512 ) and diastolic pressure (90.4％,463/512 ) respectively.And the proportions of improved lifestyle were as follows:smoking cessation/non-smoking 81.4％ (417/512),diet control 78.5％ ( 402/512 ),achieving weight targets 61.7％ (316/512)and regular exercise 58.2％ (298/512).ConclusionsThere is a relatively high percentage of standardized antiplatelet therapy and continuous statins medication in patients with coronary artery disease following revascularization. However,many significant modifiable risk factors have not been controlled optimally and lifestyle of patients needs further improvement. There is still a considerable scope for further improvement of secondary prevention in this group of patients.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the determination of related substances in Cabazitaxel injection. METHODS:HPLC method was used. The determination was performed on Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18column with mobile phase consisted of water-acetonitrile-ethanol(gradient elution)at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 35 ℃,and the detection wavelength was set at 230 nm. The sample size was 20 μ L. Established method was used to determine related substances in 3 batches of Cabazitaxel injection. RESULTS:The linear relationship of cabazitaxel were 0.039-11.60 μ g/mL(r=0.999 8,n=7). The detection limit was 2×10-4μg,and quantitation limit was 8×10-4μg. RSD of precision and reproducibility tests were all lower than 10.0%(n=6). The amount of single impurity in 3 batches of samples ranged 0.07%-0.08%,and total amount of impurities were 0.26%-0.29%. CONCLUSIONS:Established method is simple,accurate and reliable,can be used for the determination of related substances in Cabazitaxel injection.

A large number of data show that the prevalence rate of alcoholic liver injury （ALI） is increasing year by year， and it has become one of the main causes of death due to chronic liver diseases such as liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. Quitting drinking is the main method for the prevention of ALI in modern medicine， and the main treatment methods include Western medicine with antioxidant and anti－fibrotic effects and nutritional support. However， Western medicine tends to have an unsatisfactory treatment effect and can only alleviate initial symptoms， and severe ALI still requires surgical treatment. Studies have shown that the monomers extracted from natural drugs and foods have obvious preventive and therapeutic effects on ALI， with high safety and easy access. Therefore， this article systematically summarizes the main natural drug and food monomers used for the prevention and treatment of ALI and proposes the idea of the combination of drug and food for the prevention and treatment of ALI from the perspective of paying attention to the whole process of health， in order to explore more effective prevention， health care， and treatment methods and provide ideas for research on the prevention and control of ALI.

We developed a high-efficiency microfluidic chip for extracting exosomes from human plasma. We collected peripheral blood from normal human, designed and fabricated a microfluidic chip based on nanoporous membrane and agarose gel electrophoresis to isolate exosomes. The extracted exosomes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, nanosight and Western blotting, the morphology, concentration and particle size of exosomes were identified and analyzed. Meanwhile, we used ultracentrifugation and microfluidic chip to isolate exosomes separately. The particle size and concentration of the exosomes extracted by two methods were compared and analyzed, and their respective extraction efficiency was discussed. Finally, the expression level of miRNA-21 in exosomes was analyzed by RT-PCR. The microfluidic chip isolated (in 1 hour) high-purity exosomes with size ranging from 30-200 nm directly from human plasma, allowing downstream exosomal miRNA analysis. By comparing with ultracentrifugation, the isolation yield of microfluidic chip was 3.80 times higher than ultracentrifugation when the volume of plasma sample less than 100 μL. The optimized parameters for exosome isolation by gel electrophoresis microfluidic chip were: voltage: 100 V; concentration of agarose gel: 1.0%; flow rate of injection pump: 0.1 mL/h. The gel electrophoresis microfluidic chips could rapidly and efficiently isolate the exosomes, showing great potential in the research of exosomes and cancer biomarkers.
Exosomes ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; Microfluidics ; Plasma ; Ultracentrifugation