BACKGROUND; Authors have proposed the hypothesis that, the mechanism change may result in the mismatch between the energy production and energy consumption during the aerobic exercise, and pyruvate can be transformed into lactic acid, which may prevent the accumulation of pyruvate in cytoplasm and in the energy production of glycolysis so as to ensure the fast energy supply in zymolysis; the mechanism of this biochemical event may be the adjustment of energizing velocity via glycomechanism zymolysis.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of oxygen inhalation on metabolic transition, study the mechanism of metabolic transition under the lactate threshold intensity in human body and animal, and verify the result consistency between the two.DESIGN: Randomized control observation.SETTING: Department of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University; Department of Physical Education, Langfang Teachers College.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 24 male university students majoring physical education were adopted, weight (58±4) kg,height (175±6) cm, age (21 ±2) years. They were consisted of 12 Level B national athletes and12 common students.Additionally 30 SD male rats were used.METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Physical and Physiological Function, Department of Physical Education in Hebei Normal University from April to June in 2006. Twenty-four students were recruited to exercise incrementally in ergometer; in addition, thirty SD rats were assigned to swim incrementally, 15 rats in each group. First, the intensities of metabolic transition were determined, then the exercise protocol was repeated on the conditions of inhaling and not inhaling oxygen. For student group, 50 W loading was incremented every 2 minutes, while the rats were added with 1% of their weights until unacceptable. Gradually incremented loading was used to transform the aerobic mechanism to anaerobic mechanism. The vein blood oxygen partial pressure, pyruvate and lactate contents were measured before and during the exercise (lactate threshold intensity) to evidence the reliability and validity of hypothesis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The vein blood oxygen partial pressure, pyruvate and lactate contents under lactate threshold intensity and oxygen inhaling supplementary.RESULTS: All 24 testees and 30 rats were involved in the result analysis. ①During the gradually incremented exercise,the lactic acid curve obtained at the end of 2-minute loading showed the difference of metabolic transition intensity and training level in accordance with individual lactic acid threshold, which was obviously lower in the trained exercisers.②Under the lactate threshold intensity, the blood lactate was not correlated to the oxygen partial pressure whether in human body or rats and whether inhaling oxygen or not [(3.61±0.56), (5.43±0.55) mmol/L; (4.46±0.86), (7.80±0.27) kPa,r =0.31, 0.31, P ＞ 0.05]; there was significant difference between the blood lactate and pyruvate contents [(1.04±0.16),(0.91±0.37) mmol/L, P ＜ 0.001]. The human body's saturation of blood oxygen was no less than 98% during the entire protocol. ③Under the repeated exercise and lactate threshold intensity, the pyruvate average value was (0.97±0.17),(1.04±0.16) mmol/L; (0.93±0.25), (0.91 ±0.37) mmol/L, respectively. There was no significant difference between the blood pyruvate before the exercise and under the lactate threshold intensity in both human body and animals (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: There is no hypoxia at the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Oxygen inhaling supplementary has no influence on the mechanism transition; It is not easy for the pyruvate to pass the myocyte membrane, but the lactate can. The result demonstrates that the pyruvate can transform to lactate directly, which can also prevent the accumulation of pyruvate in kytoplasm.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm (SCVS) after craniocerebral trauma. Method The clinical data of 308 patients with craniocerehral trauma were analyzed by single factor analysis and Logistic regression analysis. Resnlts SCVS occurred in 94 patients (30.52%). The risk factors were subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), Glasgow coma scale, blood glucose, emergency operation,smoking and age. Conclusions Various factors are related to the development of SCVS after craniocerebral trauma. Prophylactic treatments should be given in early stage for the patients with risk factors.

Objective To understand the eco-hydraulics characteristics of Biomphalaria straminea,the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Methods The drainage method and settlement tube method were applied to measure B. straminea's den-sity and hydrostatic settling velocity respectively. Results The density of B. straminea was 1.04-1.16 g/cm3,and the average value was 1.08 g/cm3. The hydrostatic settling velocity was 2.32-12.92 cm/s. Conclusions The eco-hydraulics characteristics of B. straminea is different from Oncomelania hupensis,and more attention should be paid to the hydraulic measures for the con-trol of B. straminea.

The spread of schistosomiasis seriously threaten the health of people and hinder the economic and social develop-ment in China. The water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control effectively controlled the spread of schistosomiasis by controlling the spread of Oncomelania hupensis,the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. This pa-per reviews the evolution of the strategy of schistosomiasis prevention and control in China and points out the historical role of wa-ter conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control. Furthermore,this article analyzes the problems and chal-lenges of water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control in the new period. In response to the challeng-es,the new strategy of water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control is put forward,including:devel-oping the research of the new strategy of water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control,enhancing the research of water conservancy technology combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control,improving the efficiency and ap-plicability of water conservancy projects combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control,strengthening the guidance of wa-ter conservancy technology combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control,and perfecting the evaluation system.

Aim To study the effect of novel AChE inhibitors, 2-phenoxy-indan-1-one derivatives (YKY-1~7), against glutamatic acid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and on learning & memory impairment in dementia model mice induced by A?25~35 icv Methods The PC12 cells were preincubated with different concentrations of YKY-1~7 for 24 h and subsequently treated by glutamatic acid, at the high concentration of 2 mmol?L-1 for 15 min to induce cytotoxicity. The cell viability was assessed with MTT method.. Dementia model mice were made by intracerebroventricular injection (icv) of aggregated A?25~35. From the next day, the model mice were administered YKY-7 (2.5, 5, 10 mg?kg-1, ig) for 10 consecutive days and sham control mice or A? model control mice received daily ig saline. After the final treatment, the passive avoidance learning was tested, regional cerebral blood flow at cerebral cortex was assessed, and the activity of AChE in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and blood serum were determined. Results Six out of the seven YKY compounds appeared to be effective against glutamatic acid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, with YKY-7 demonstrating the most activity. YKY-7 significantly ameliorated the learning and memory ability in dementia model mice induced by A?25-35 icv, slightly and selectively inhibited the cortical and hippocampal AChE, and gently increased the blood flow at cerebral cortex. Conclusion Some of 2-phenoxy-indan-1-one derivatives reported here have protective effects against glutamatic acid induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and improve the learning and memory impairment induced by A?25-35, which may be partly attributable to its selective inhibition of AChE activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have found that combined use of Buyang Huanwu decoction and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel (BMSC) transplantation can play a synergic role against cerebral ischemia injury. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction combined with BMSC transplantation to promote angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia. METHODS:Ninety-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, and used to make middle cerebral artery occlusion models. In combined group, rats were given intragastrical administration of Buyang Huanwu decoction 10 mL/kg once a day, beginning at 3 days prior to modeling, and then given intragastrical administration of Buyang Huanwu decoction once at 2 hours after modeling, fol owed by its intragastrical administration every 12 hours. In BMSC and combined groups, BMSC suspension was injected into the rat ventricle after 2-hour cerebral ischemia/2-hour reperfusion, and then 30 minutes later, CD34 and CD45 antibodies were injected. In antibody group, CD34 and CD45 antibodies were injected. In model group, only normal saline was given. SerumαVβ3 level detection, immunohistochemical observation, Q-PCR and western blot tests were performed in the combined group at 12, 24, 36, 48 hours after reperfusion, while these indices were detected in the other three groups at 36 hours after reperfusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The level of serumαVβ3 was lower in the antibody group than the model group (P<0.05), higher in the BMSC and combined groups than the antibody group (P<0.05), and higher in the combined group than the BMSC group (P<0.05). (2) Immunohistochemical findings showed that compared with the antibody group, the number of CD34 positive cel s was higher in the model, BMSC and combined groups (P<0.05). (3) Results from the Q-PCR and western blot assay showed that compared with the model group, the pFAK protein expression level was lower in the antibody and BMSC group, but FAK gene expression level had no overt changes;while the protein levels of FAK (24 hours after reperfusion) and pFAK (12 hours after reperfusion) were significantly increased in the combined group than the antibody and BMSC groups (P<0.05, P<0.01). Moreover, this increase exhibited a gradual y rising trend with the extension of reperfusion time. To conclude, the combined use of BMSC transplantation and Buyang Huanwu decoction can reverse the effect of CD34+CD45 antibodies that lead to the decrease in the number of vascular endothelial cel s and levels of integrinαVβ3 and downstream signaling molecules, thereby to promote angiogenesis in the MCAO model.

Objective To summarize clinical diagnosis and microsurgical treatment method of cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst presenting with trigeminal neuralgia.Methods Thirty-seven cases of cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst presenting with trigeminal neuralgia treated by microneurosurgery procedure were analyzed retrospectively.Results Complete resection was achieved in 31 cases,and subtotal was achieved in 6 cases,with no operative mortality.Postoperatively,the symptom of trigeminal neuralgia disappeared in 28 cases,was eased obviously in 6 cases,and was eased in 3 cases.The symptom of dizziness in all 6 cases vanished,and hearing in 3 cases was improved.Three cases appeared cerebrospinal fluid leakage,and 4 cases appeared oral herpes.Symptom in 1 case aggravated after 6 months,and oral medicine was ineffective.The pain symptom disappeared after reoperation.Conclusions The suboccipital retrosigmoid approach microneurosurgery is the principal treatment method for cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst presenting with trigeminal neuralgia.Microsurgical technique combined with surgical skill is the guarantee for increasing total removal rate of tumors and decreasing complications.

Objective To observe influence of continuous lumbar cistern drainage on levels of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) subtype (Aβ1-42) in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and investigate its clinical significance.Methods Eighty-one DAI patients were enrolled and randomized into treatment group (42 cases) and control group (39 cases).Patients in control group received simple conventional therapy,while the patients in treatment group received not only conventional therapy but 14 days of continuous lumbar cistern drainage.Levels of Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma were detected by ELISA assay before therapy and at 1,5,9,and 14 days after therapy.Prognosis was assessed using GOS at 6 months after therapy.Results Levels of Aβ1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma showed a decrease in the first place and a gradual decrease afterwards in both groups,but a bigger and earlier drop of Aβ1-42 levels was observed in treatment group.Two groups showed significant difference of Aβ1-42 levels at day 14 (P ＜ 0.05).At 6 months after therapy,GOS score between treatment and control groups was (4.1 ± O.5) and (3.4 ± 0.3) points respectively (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Continuous lumbar cistern drainage improves the prognosis of DAI and this may relates to the decrease of Aβ1-42 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma.

Currently,three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide:H1N1,H3N2,and H1N2.European avian-like H1N1 viruses,which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979,have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007.In this study,six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China.Based on whole genome sequencing,molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined.Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations,especially similar to those found in China.Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13,26,198,277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates.Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12,the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins.In this study,the isolates contained 591Q,627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2,which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation.The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1,a marker of mammalian adaptation.Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3' end of the NS1,a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999,which is distinct from those of avian,human and classical swine viruses.The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation (S31N),a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987,which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals.Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs,and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Jostent coronary stent-graft in endovascular treatment of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula. Methods Eight patients with traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula were treated by Jostent coronary steat graft from June 2001 to May 2007. Results The stent graft was successfully implanted in the target artery in all patients. The fistula in all patients was removed and the parent arteries kept unblocked. The clinical outcome was favorable, with no operation-related complications occurred. The ang4ogram showed normal patency of the parent arteries, without recanalization of the fistula six months after the stent graft implantation in six patients. Conclusions Stent graft is a useful tool for endovascular treatment of carotid cavernous fistula in selected patients. Further research is needed to optimize the stent graft for further use in cerebrovascular system.