Objective To analyze the characteristics and regularity of the dosage of single-flavored traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, and to provide reference for determining the reasonable dosage range. Methods The dose distribution of single-flavored drugs with a frequency of more than 10％ of the total prescriptions from January to June2018 was investigated, and compare with the 2015 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as "Chinese Pharmacopoeia") and other recommended doses. Results There were 32 kinds of single-flavored traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, which accounted for more than 10％ of the total prescription. The top 5 dose distributions were 10 g, 15 g, 9 g, 30 g and 6 g, respectively, accounting for nearly 90％.These 32 pieces were not used in large-dose applications in our outpatient prescriptions, and there were some ultralow-dose applications; there were 21 pieces with more than 90％ of the doses in the scope of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, there were cases of out of the scope of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, but were not prominent. Conclusion The reasonable dosage ranges of commonly used traditional Chinese medicines needs further study; the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces should consider both safety and dose-effect relationship.

Objective:To compare the effect for establishing rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)be-tween two methods,inhalation of PM2.5 and intratracheal instillation of PM2.5 suspension.Methods:A total of 30 adult rats were randomly divided into control group(group A),group fumigated with PM2.5(group B),and group instilled intratracheal-ly with PM2.5 suspension(group C).Then the lung function of rats,the counts of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF),and the pathological sections of lung tissues,were observed on different phases.Results:Compared with that in group A,the body mass in group B or group C decreased.And the tidal volume(VT)and the peak expiratory flow(PEF)de-creased.Furthermore,total cell count,lymphocyte count(L),neutrophil count(N),lymphocyte proportion(L%),and neutro-phil proportion(N%)in BALF increased.All the differences showed statistical significance(all P <0.05).Morphological de-tection showed enlarged alveolar space,disruption of alveolar septa,fusion of alveoli,and formation of emphysema in group B. And it also showed disordered arrangement of airways epithelial cells,partial airway epithelial hyperplasia,inflammatory cell infiltration and proliferation of smooth muscle in group B.Furthermore,mean linear intercept (MLI)and mean alveolar num-ber (MAN)in group B increased,while compared with that in group A.The pathological changes in group C were similar to those in group B.However,the degrees of pathological changes in group C were more severe,and most of them were acute in-juries.Conclusions:Rat model of COPD established by inhalation of PM2.5 was more reasonable than that established by intra-tracheal instillation of PM2.5 suspension.