[Summary] To explore the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ),extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK),and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in greater omental adipose tissue of patients with metabolic syndrome and colorectal cancer.The mRNA expression of IGF-Ⅰ,ERK,and GLUT4 in greater omental adipose tissue of the subjects was measured by RT-PCR.(1) The mRNA expression level of IGF-Ⅰ and ERK in the metabolic syndrome group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P＜0.01),while in colorectal cancer subgroup the expression was significantly higher than that in the non-colorectal cancer subgroup (P＜ 0.01).The expression of GLUT4 was obviously lowered (P＜0.01).(2) The expression of ERK was positively correlated with that of IGF-Ⅰ (r =0.608,P＜0.01).The fasting insulin was positively correlated with the expression of ERK and IGF-Ⅰ(r =0.538,0.439,P ＜ 0.01),and negatively with that of GLUT4 (r =-0.457,P ＜ 0.01).There may be relationship between ERK plus IGF-Ⅰ and metabolic syndrome complicated with colorectal cancer.The lowered GLUT4 expression may be related to insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome.

Bronchiectasis refers to irreversible enlargement and thickening of the wall of the terminal bronchi,including destruction of the bronchial wall muscles and elastic supporting tissues.It can be caused by infection,physiochemical,immunological or genetic and so on.The pathogenesis and treatment of hereditary bronchiectasis,especially primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD),has attracted much attention in recent years.In this paper,the classification of bronchiectasis and the pathogenesis and treatment of PCD are discussed.The pathogenesis and treatment of hereditary bronchiectasis are described.

Objective:To investigate the effects of IL-28B in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and to analyze the possible mechanism.Methods:Thirty-five male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the following groups with seven mice in each group: control group, DSS group and three IL-28B groups (1.25 μg, 2.5 μg and 5 μg). The mice in the DSS group and IL-28B groups were fed with 2.5% DSS solution and from day 3, the IL-28B groups were given intraperitoneal injection of corresponding IL-28B every day and the DSS group was treated with PBS. During the experiment, the disease activity index (DAI) was evaluated daily. On day 8, the mice were sacrificed and peripheral blood, spleen, mesenteric lymph node and colon samples were collected. The colon samples were observed, measured in length and stained with HE, and histopathological scores were calculated based on HE staining. Changes of immune cells in different samples were detected by flow cytometry. ELISA was used to detect the expression of IL-12, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-13 in serum and colon tissues.Results:Compared with the DSS group, the IL-28B group (2.5 μg) had lower DAI scores [(9.40±1.67) vs (3.50±1.73), P<0.01], less shortening of the colon [(5.16±0.61) cm vs (6.91±0.60) cm, P<0.01] and significantly lower histopathological scores [(7.33±0.58) vs (4.33±0.58), P<0.01]. Moreover, compared with the DSS group, the IL-28B group (2.5 μg) showed decreased macrophages in the peripheral blood [(21.39±3.21)% vs (15.63±2.98)%, P<0.05] and spleen [(3.03±0.28)% vs (2.05±0.48)%, P<0.05], and significantly increased mean fluorescence intensity of M2 macrophages in the colon [(1 361.00±293.40) vs (2 074.00±87.61), P<0.05]. IL-12 expression in colon tissues and IL-1β expression in serum were reduced, and IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13 expression in colon tissues was significantly increased in the IL-28B group (2.5 μg) as compared with those in the DSS group [IL-12: (31.72±6.92) pg/mg vs (5.41±3.41) pg/mg; IL-1β: (48.01±16.13) pg/ml vs (12.27±6.26) pg/ml; IL-10: (184.70±46.82) pg/mg vs (444.30±157.80) pg/mg; IL-4: (2.23±0.27) pg/mg vs (3.64±0.80) pg/mg; IL-13: (11.79±0.99) pg/mg vs (22.59±1.92) pg/mg; all P<0.05]. Conclusions:IL-28B might alleviate the severity of acute enteritis in mice by increasing the secretion of IL-4 and IL-13, regulating macrophage differentiation and modulating the expression of inflammatory factors.

Objective To investigate and analyze the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and related cirrhosis in a certain area. Methods A retrospective investigation was performed on 365 patients with HBV infection in a certain area from October 2018 to October 2020. The relevant data of the patients and the incidence of HBV infection-related cirrhosis were analyzed to explore the influencing factors for liver cirrhosis caused by HBV infection. Results The age of patients with HBV infection was mainly 31-50 years old (61.92%), who were mainly males (80.00%). The symptoms included yellow urine (66.30%), loss of appetitte (57.53%) and fatigue (46.85%). There was abnormal increase of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and hyperbilirubinemia in patients. 35 patients developed liver failure, of whcih 31 patients survived and were discharged, 3 patients underwent liver transplantation and 1 patient died after discharge. Among the 365 patients, there were 82 cases with HBV-related cirrhosis, mainly aged between 31 and 50 years old (63.41%), who were mainly males (80.00%). The main symptoms included abdominal distension (46.34%), liver palm (39.02%) and jaundice (34.15%), and all were accompanied with abnormal liver function indexes. Of the 365 patients, 35.37% of them were complicated with primary peritonitis, and 25.61% with electrolyte imbalance. In addition, 87.80% of the patients improved and were discharged. The incidence rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy and death were 7.32%, 3.66% and 1.22%, respectively. The results of univariate and multivariate analysis showed that drinking history, HBV-DNA level and exercise were the influencing factors of HBV-related cirrhosis (P<0.05). Conclusion Patients with HBV infection and related cirrhosis are mostly middle-aged men. Drinking history, HBV-DNA level and exercise are important influencing factors for HBV infection progression to cirrhosis.

Objective To analyze the expression of interleukin 16 (IL-16) in atherosclerosis (AS) patients, and to study the roles of IL-16in the pathogenesis of AS.Methods Thirty AS patients in Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College from August 2015to August 2016were randomly selected as the case group and twenty-nine healthy subjects were selected as the healthy control group.Peripheral blood of the subjects were collected.IL-16levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was applied to analyze IL-16mRNA level.IL-16expression in the atherosclerotic plaque samples was detected with immunohistochemical analysis.IL-16expression in aortic atherosclerotic plaque of AS patients and atherosclerotic ApoE-/-mice were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining.The aortic plaque changes of AS mice injected intraperitoneally with recombinant IL-16were detected.Results Both IL-16protein levels and IL-16mRNA levels were higher in case group than those of healthy control group, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The IL-16mRNA was highly expressed in the atherosclerotic plaque.The aortic plaque area of the mice underwent IL-16intraperitoneal injection were decreased while the plaque stability increased.Conclusion IL-16levels elevated in both AS patients and AS mice, which suggested that IL-16might play aprotective role against AS.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and related risk factors of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture (OPF) in patients with rheumatic diseases (RD),and the fracture predictive values of fracture risk assessment tool fracture risk assessment (FRAX(R))for Han patients.Methods A total of 313 untreated RD patients were included.Each individual BMD was measured at lumbar spine and femoral neck with Dual-energy X-ray absorptionary.Ten-year probability of fracture (％) was calculated by fracture risk assessment tool FRAX(R) of Chinese model.Each individual previous fracture was confirmed by X-ray or CT examination.The associations between BMD,FRAX),previous fracture and age,bone mass index,nationality,erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and RD types were analyzed.T test or Wilcoxon test was used to compare the difference between groups for statistical analysis.Pearson/Spearman rank order and binary regression were used to analyze the correlations between variables of normal/non-normal and two classification distribution.Results ① The BMD of patients with untreated RD was significantly lower than that of control group (P=0.000).Individuals diagnosed with "osteopenia" in the RD group and control group were accounted for 39.3％ (123/313) and 15.8％ (47/296) respectively.Individuals diagnosed with "osteoporosis" in RD group and control group were accounted for 11.5％ (36/313) and 5.4％ (16/296) respectively.② The next 10-year probability of the hip (Z=-2.28,P=0.02) and major osteoporotic fracture (Z=-1.98,P=0.03) were higher than those of the control group,as well as the actual incidence of OPF (x2=25.11,P=0.00),the difference was statistically significant.③ 27.3％(18/66) and 55.0％(11/20) of the previous OPF patients in RD group and control group achieved the diagnostic criteria of "high risk" of hip fracture.And 12.1％ (8/66) and 35.0％ (7/20) achieved the "high risk" of major osteoporotic fracture.④ Patients with RA,SLE and pSS had significantly increased risk of fracture.Ten-year fracture risks were negatively related to advanced age,female gender and ESR.Conclusion Bone loss and increased fracture risk are prevalent in the early stage of untreated rheumatism patients.RA,SLE plays an important role in low bone mass.The FRAX China model may underestimate 10-year fracture probability of RD patients and controls.Further explore should be done to predict the FRAX China model on different areas and different RDs.

Background and objective Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly overexpressed in lung squamous cell carcinoma and has been associated with impaired prognosis. hTe aim of this study was to observe the ef-ifcacy and safety of nimotuzumab, a anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, combined with chemotherapy as second- or later-line in the treatment of advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma.Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical data was conducted in 13 patients with advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma, who were administered with nimotuzumab combined with chemo-therapy as second-line or later-line treatment. hTe effcacy of therapy was evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 and safety by National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) 4.0.Results Of the 13 advanced squamous-cell lung cancer patients, one patient had complete response (CR), 2 patients had partial re-sponse (PR), 4 cases had stable disease (SD), and 6 patients had progressive disease. hTe overall response rate (ORR) was 23.1% and clinical beneift rate (CBR) was 53.8%. EGFR expression were detected by immunohistochemistry in 6 patients and the results showed 5 patients were EGFR 3+ and the other was EGFR 2+. Of these 6 EGFR positive patients, 1 case had CR, 1 case had PR and 4 cases had SD; ORR was 33.3% and CBR was 100.0%. Grade 3/4 hematological toxicities were observed in 3 (23.1%) patients, and non-hametological toxicities were mild. Nimotuzumab-associated skin rash was found in 2 (15.4%) patients.ConclusionNimotuzumab combined with chemotherapy as second- or later-line therapy for advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma was active and well-tolerated, especially for those patients with EGFR positive.

Corilagin is one of major bioactive compounds in many Chinese medical plants,which has been demonstrated to exhibit multiple pharmacological activities.Hepatoprotective effects of corilagin have been reported in some liver diseases,such as hepatitis,liver fibrosis and hepatic carcinoma.Therefore,corilagin has shown broad prospects in treatment of liver diseases.However,problems exposed in application process prompted researchers to further explore potential role of corilagin.Research progress of the role and mechanism of corilagin in hepatitis,liver fibrosis and hepatic carcinoma are summarized to provide reference for subsequent studies.

Background and objective Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody directed against epidermal growth fac-tor receptor. Emerging evidence showed improved effcacy with the addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the data in oriental population are limited. hTe aim of this study is to investigate the eff-cacy of cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy in Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC.Methods NSCLC patients receiving cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College were enrolled and retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristic, effcacy, outcome and toxicity data were analyzed.Results A total of 40 patients were enrolled into this study in which 29 were male, 36 with adenocarcinoma. In the 23 patients who had received palliative chemotherapy previously (with a median of 2 prior chemotherapy regimens), the median progression-free survival (PFS) atfer the last prior chemotherapy regimen was 2.3 months. For the overall population, 13 (32.5%) patients achieved partial response atfer cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy. Response rate were 52.9% (9/17) and 17.4% (4/23) in chemotherapy-naive patients and chemotherapy-treated patients, respectively (P=0.018). hTe median PFS was 4.8 months for the overall population. In chemotherapy-naive patients and chemotherapy-treated patients, the median PFS was 8.4 months and 4.1 months, respectively (P=0.062). hTe estimated median overall survival was 17.1 months. Toxicities were generally manageable and no treatment-related deaths occurred.Conclusion Cetuximab in addition to che-motherapy appears to be associated with promising effcacy and acceptable toxicity proifle in Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC. Further validation is needed.

Objective: In order to evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of denosumab and bisphosphonates in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis patients. Methods: Standard studies were obtained by searching CNKI, CBM, VIP, Wanfang, Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases. Results: Three RCTs with 869 patients were included in this study. It showed that the mean changes of lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) for patients in denosumab group were increased by 2.47%, 1.43% and 1.07% respectively compared to those of bisphosphonates group.There was no statistically significant difference between patients receiving denosumab and those receiving bisphosphonate in terms of adverse events and serious adverse events. Conclusions Denosumab has an effective increase for lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck bone mineral density, and the safety of both is similar.