Objective To investigate the effects of glucagon like peptide 2(GLP 2) on the mRNA expressions of GLP 2 receptor (GLP 2R) and proglucagon gene(PG) in postburn rats. Methods A total of 55 Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups including burn group, GLP 2 treatment group(treated with GLP 2, 200 ?g/kg, b.i.d ) and normal control group. Rats were sacrificed at 6, 12 h and 1, 3 and 5 d after burn injury. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) expression and the histological changes of the intestinal mucosa were determined by immunohistochemical staining. mRNA expressions of GLP 2R and PG were detected by RT PCR at 6, 12 h and 1, 3 and 5 d after burn injury. Results The expression of PCNA in rat intestinal mucosa decreased at 1 d after burn injury, but it was stronger in GLP 2 treatment group than that in burn group. Histological observation revealed that intestinal villi in GLP 2 treatment group were regularly arranged without obvious epithelial shedding. PG mRNA expression peaked at 12 h, 1 and 3 d after burn injury. No change of PG mRNA expression was found after treatment with GLP 2. Decreased GLP 2R mRNA expression was found in postburn rats, but after treatment with GLP 2, increased GLP 2R mRNA expression was found. Conclusion GLP 2 supplementation can keep the structure of the postburn rat intestinal mucosa without affecting PG gene expression. The mechanism may probably be related to the promotion of the mRNA expression of GLP 2R of the intestinal mucosa in rats.

Objective: To study the relationship of expression of CDX2 and PTEN proteins and gastric metaplasia. Methods: Immunohistochemistry Envision method was used to detect the expression of CDX2 and PTEN proteins in simple intestinal metaplasia (SIM), atypical intestinal metaplasia (AIM) and gastric adenocarcinoma. Results: The positive rates of CDX2 in SIM, AIM and gastric adenocarcinoma was 82.6%, 51.5% and 36.4% respectively. The expression of CDX2 in gastric adenocarcinoma was significantly lower than that in SIM(P0.05). The positive rates of PTEN in SIM, AIM and gastric adenocarcinoma were 86.9%,75.8%and 47.7% respectively and the difference between SIM and gastric adenocarcinoma was significant (P

Objective:To study the expressions of c-erbB-2 and ki67 proteins in simple intestinal metaplasia(SIM),atypical intestinal metaplasia(AIM) and gastric adenocarcinoma,and the relationships among them.Methods:The immunohistochemical EnVision method was used to determine the expressions of c-erbB-2 and ki67 in 27 cases of SIM,26 cases of AIM and 37 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma.Results:The positive rates of c-erbB-2 and ki67 in gastric adenocarcinoma were significantly higher than that in SIM(P0.05).Conclusion:The high expression of c-erbB-2 and ki67 in AIM and gastric adenocarcinoma suggested that AIM may play an important role in gastric adenocarcinoma.The AIM is one kind of precancerosis of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Objective To investigate the expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) gene glucose regulated protein 78(GRP78) and X-box binding protein 1(XBP1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, its effect on activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and its mechanism in the growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods The expressions of GRP78 and XBP1 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 30 samples of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and 30 samples of normal esophageal squamous epithelium. The correlation between expressions of both proteins and prognosis was analyzed. Results GRP78 positive rate was 83.3 %(25/30) in esophageal carcinoma, while the proportion was 20.0 %(6/30) in normal esophageal (χ2=25.833, P<0.05). XBP1 positive rate was 70.0 % (21/30) in esophageal carcinoma, while the proportion was 26.7%(8/30) in normal esophageal(χ2=20.872, P<0.05). The positive rates of GRP78 and XBP1 in invasive muscular layer of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were significantly higher than those in invasive mucous layer. Conclusion GRP78 and XBP1 are highly expressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which may involve the occurrence and development of the esophageal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of L-glutamine granules on intestinal damage of severe burn patients and the safty of the drug.METHODS： Thirty-nine severe burn patients were randomly divided into two groups： control group（C group， nineteen patients） and L-glutamine treatment group（GLN group， twenty patients） .GLN group patients were given L-glutamine in a dose of 30g per day for 7 days， and C group patients were given the same dosage of placebo for 7 days.The plasma L-glutamine concentration， the degree of intestinal mucosa damage， blood biochemistry and complication were observed and wound healing rate of burn area was determined， then the length of hospital stay was recorded.RESULTS： After 7 days of taking L-glutamine orally， plasma L-glutamine concentration in GLN group was significant higher than that in C group（P<）. The degree of intestine damage and intestinal mucosal permeability in GLN group were lower than those in C group. In addition, the wound healing rate was faster and the length of hospital stay was shorter in GLN group than those in C group. CONCLUSION: Administration of L-glutamine could abate the degree of intestine damage obviously, lessen intestinal mucosal permeability, ameliorate wound healing rate and reduce the length of hospital stay.

Objective To explore the protective role of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) during early process of atherosclerosis formation in rats with juvenile metabolic syndrome (MS).Methods Rat models of juvenile MS were established with 3-week Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed on high-carbonhydrates and high-fat diet for 6 weeks.The other qualified ones were randomly grouped into model group,LXA4 low-dose group,LXA4 middle-dose group,and LXA4high dose group,and a control group fed with normal forage.The low,middle,high-dose groups were injected different doses of LXA4 daily,while the model group and control group were injected with the same dose of isotonic NaCl solution for 2 consecutive weeks.After 2-week medication,the visceral adipose tissue were isolated by laparotomy and heart blood collected by thoracotomy under anesthesia,followed the fixation of thoracic and abdominal aortas in the immobilized rats.The mRNA expression level of inflammation cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),C-reactive protein (CRP) in the adipose tissue were determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR),respectively.Secretions of IL-6,and TNF-α in serum were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Immunocytochemistry was used to label endomembrane and middle-membrane of thoracic aorta,and endothelial cell layer in each group and the ratios of thickness of endomembrane and middle-membrane were compared.Results Compared with the control group,weight,body length and abdominal circumference of juvenile MS rats increased significantly (all P ＜ 0.05),and levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG),triglyceride (TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and insulin in models increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05).RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines IL-6,TNF-α and CRP in adipose tissue in model rats were upexpressed (all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with model rats,mRNA of IL-6,TNF-oα,and CRP in mid,high-dose rats were downexpressed (all P ＜ 0.05),mRNA of TNF-α in low-dose rat downexpressed (all P ＜ 0.05),and there were no significant differences between mRNA expressions of IL-6,CRP in low-dose and model rats according to statistics (all P ＞0.05).Compared with control group,inflammatory cytokines IL-6,TNF-α secreted in serum of model rats were increased significantly (all P ＜ 0.05),and inflammatory cytokines secreted in serum of intervention rats were decreased significantly compared with model rats (P ＜ 0.05).Pathological changes were as follows:HE staining:compared to model group,aortic tunica intima of model rats were remarkably thickened and endothelial cell layer was fragmented and incomplete,which was attenuated in each intervention group.The ratios of endomembrane and middle-membrane in rats:at the end of consecutive medication for 2 weeks,the ratios of endomembrane and middle-membrane in model rats were significantly greater than those of control group (P ＜ O.05),and the ratios of endomembrane and middle-membrane in high-dose intervention rats were significantly smaller than those of the model group (P ＜ 0.05),but still greater than control group,while there were no statistical differences between the ratios in low,middle-dose intervention rats and model rats (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The increasing inflammatory cytokines are involved in early process of atherosclerosis formation in rats with juvenile MS.LXA4 by reducing the expression of inflammatory factor level in adipose tissue,thereby reducing the inflammatory cytokines in serum,alleviate the damage of arterial wall.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of L-glutamine granules on protein metabolism and immunofunction in severely burned patients.METHODS:39 severe burn patients(total burn surface areas 30%～60%,full thickness burn areas 20%～50%) were randomly divided into two groups:control group(C group,19 patients) and glutamine treatment group(GLN group,20 patients).GLN group patients were given glutamine granules 0.5g/kg daily for 7 days,and C group were given same weight placebo for 7 days.The concentrations of plasma glutamine,prealbumin,transferrin,immunological globulin and IL-2 were determined.Moreover,the wound healing rate of burn area was observed and then hospital stay days were recorded.RESULTS:After 7 days of taking glutamine,the concentrations of plasma glutamine,prealbumin,transferrin IgG,IgM and IL-2 in GLN group were significant higher than those in before medication and C group(P0.05).The wound healing rate was faster and hospital stay days were shorter in GLN group than those in C group(P

Objective To investigate whether the process of accreditation of comprehensive third-grade class A hospitals was an effective way to regulate the safety of blood transfusion .Methods In August 2011 blood transfusion regularity was checked in the 73 nursing units of the hospital , nurses of different ranks were tested on related knowledge of blood transfusion , and problems were found .According to the problems , together with the disciplines of the accreditation of third-grade class A hospitals , a standard procedure was made and the nurses were trained and tested repeatedly .All the wards were checked and instructed for the application of the standard procedure and PDCA was used for further improvement .In April 2013 blood transfusion regularity was checked in the 73 nursing units again and nurses of different ranks were tested on the knowledge of blood transfusion.Results The related regularity of safe blood transfusion was improved , and the regularity and standard procedure were applied .With comparisons and contrasts of the two checks and tests of the nurses , most problems found in the check of August 2011 were solved and the safety standard was reached with the result , nurses’ degree of mastering knowledge about safety of blood transfusion was improved , which all had statistical significant differences (P <0.01).Conclusions With the building of third-grade class A comprehensive hospitals, the safety of blood transfusion is promoted , and the management of the hospital is improved and the safety of blood transfusion is guaranteed .

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of different nutritional routes of giving nutrition on the intestinal mucus barrier in severely scalded rats.

METHODSWistar rats inflicted with 30% TBSA III degree scalding on the back were employed as the model and were randomly divided into 3 groups, i.e. control (C), parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN) groups. The rats in PN and EN groups were supplied with equal amount of nitrogen and calories and with equal volume of nutrition solution. The dynamic changes in the thickness of intestinal mucus layer and the contents of protein, hexose and acetylneuraminate in the mucus were examined.

RESULTSWhen compared with those in C group, the intestinal mucus layer became thinner and the contents of protein, hexose and acetylneuraminate in the mucus in both PN and EN groups decreased evidently after scalding. When compared between two nutritional groups, the thickness of intestinal mucus layer and the contents of the hexose and acetylneuraminate in the mucus in EN were much thicker and higher than those in PN group, while the mucus protein content exhibited no obvious difference between PN and EN groups.

CONCLUSIONIt was suggested that intestinal goblet cell synthesized and secreted less mucus after scalding in rats resulting in thinning of intestinal mucus layer and the change in mucus components. When compared with those in PN group, less injury to the intestinal goblet cells occurred and the intestinal mucus synthesis was less affected in EN group, and the components of intestinal mucus were maintained stable.

Animals ; Burns ; metabolism ; Enteral Nutrition ; Female ; Hexoses ; metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Proteins ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sialic Acids ; metabolism ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence of different nutritional support routes on the intestinal mucosal epithelial cell cycle in burned rats.

METHODSSixty-six Wistar rats inflicted with 30% TBSA III degree burns on the back were employed as the model and were randomly divided into enteral feeding group (EF) and intravenously parenteral nutrition group (PN). Equal volume of nutritional support fluid containing predetermined equal amount of calories and nitrogen was applied via feeding or intravenously infusion through external jugular vein. The indices were observed on 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 postburn hours (PBHs) with the reference to those in 6 normal rats. The intestinal epithelial cell cycle in jejunal and ileal mucous membrane was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting method was employed in the examination of the expression of cyclin D1, E and that of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)2 and CDK4.

RESULTS(1) lntestinal mucosal epithelial G0/G1 ratio in jejunum in EF group was significantly lower than that in PN group at 72 PBHs (P < 0.05). While the ratio in ileum in EF was obviously higher than that in PN groups at 6, 12, 48 and 72 PBHs (P < 0.05). (2) The cell percentage of S phase in EF group was evidently higher than that in PN group (P < 0.05 - 0.01) at 48 and 72 PBHs. (3) Intestinal mucosal cyclin D1 expression increased significantly in EF group at 24 PBHs and in PN group at 48 PBHs (P < 0.05) and which in EF group was obviously higher than that in PN group at 72 PBHs (P < 0.05). (4) The expression of the intestinal mucosal cyclin E in EF group at 72 PBHs was evidently higher than the control value and that in PN group (P < 0.05). (5) The expression of CDK2 exhibited no obvious difference among PN,EF and control group (P < 0.05). The CDK4 expression in EF group increased obviously at 72 PBHs (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONEarly postburn enteral feeding was beneficial to the progression of intestinal mucosal epithelial cell cycle and to the repairing and renovation of injured intestinal mucosal membrane. Cyclin and CDK might be important in the modulation of the intestinal mucosal epithelial cell cycle.

Animals ; Burns ; metabolism ; pathology ; CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cell Cycle ; physiology ; Cyclin D1 ; metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Enteral Nutrition ; Female ; G1 Phase ; physiology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Resting Phase, Cell Cycle ; physiology ; S Phase ; physiology