The interdisciplinary nature of health economics brings certain difficulty to the teaching of this course, so it is very important to rationally design and use case teaching. According to the characteristics of the course, this paper put forward design ideas from the guiding ideology, selec-tion, categories and forms. This paper argued that teacher should play a leading role and create a good learning environment and grasp four parts of the implementation.

Objective To investigate the effect and significance of minimally invasive removal of intracranial hematoma on the blood-brain barrier in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).Methods Clinical data of 20 patients with ICH were randomly selected and received minimally invasive surgery (operative group) and 20 patients with ICH received expectant treatment therapy (expectant treatment group) were analyzed retrospectively,and 20 healthy people were randomly collected for control group.The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and serum myelin basic protein (MBP) concentration were analyzed.Results The BBB index of the iperative group was 0.0075 ± 0.0007,the expectant treatment group was 0.0083 ± 0.0006 and the control group was 0.0068 ± 0.0004.The BBB index in the operative group was significantly lower than that in the expectant treatment group (P ＜ 0.05),and the BBB index in these two groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P＜ 0.01).The serum MBP concentration in the operative group was (3.29 ± 1.55) μg/L,the expectant treatment group was (6.55 ± 3.78) μg/L,and the control group was (1.12 ± 0.48) μ g/L.The serum MBP concentration in the operative group was significantly lower than that in the expectant treatment group (P ＜ 0.05),and these two groups were significantly higher than the control group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The permeability of BBB in patients with ICH are increased,the BBB index and the serum MBP concentration in patients with ICH are increased,minimally invasive surgery can reduce the lesion of cytotoxicity to BBB and cerebral edema.

Chitin is one of the most important component in fungal cell wall.Biosynthesis of chitin is a complex processes and needs several chitin synthase isoenzymes.The knowledge of structure,function and regulation of chitin synthases is mainly derived from the study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.In contrast with the 3 chitin synthases in S.cerevisiae,7 were found in most filamentous fungi.In this review the classification and function of chitin synthases are summerized,and progress in the studies on chitin synthases of filamentous fungi which are of theoretical or medical or agricultural importance,including Aspergillus nidulans,Aspergillus fumigatus and Ustilago maydis are emphasized.Recent ad-vance of research on chitin synthase as antifungal target is also discussed.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the data integrity management system of pharmaceutical produc-tion enterprises. METHODS:According to related reports in US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)and China Food and Drug Administration(CFDA),the source of data integrity problems was analyzed,its reasons were summarized and solutions were put forward. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The reasons why there were data integrity problems in enterprises can be attributed to 3 as-pects(staff,hardware/software system and quality management),and the 3 aspects showed large gap with current standards. It is suggested that enterprises evaluate the existing system by adopting the gap analysis,establish a data integrity management project team,strengthen personnel training,upgrade hardware/software system to ensure its safety,stability and effectiveness;and opti-mize the quality management system by developing good ducument specification,special regulation system of data integrity. In addi-tion,the enterprise should establish quality culture,pay attention to industry and regulatory trends in real time to guarantee the data integrity effectively.

L-Carnitine plays an essential role in the transfer of long chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm of a cell into the mitochondrion,where they undergo ?-oxidation.Carnitine deficiency is characterized by plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations below those required for the normal functions of the organism,including cardiomyopathy,myopathy,hypoketonemia,hypoglycemia,hyperammonemia.Studies show that supplement of carnitine could improve the clinical symptoms of some diseases.

The study is to explore the effect of paeoniflorin on the level of glucocorticoid receptor, including glucocorticoid receptor-alpha (GCRalpha) and glucocorticoid receptor-beta (GCRbeta), of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in rats of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA is induced in Wistar rats by an intradermal injection of bovine type II collagen emulsified with complete adjuvant. From the 14th day after primary immunization, the CIA rats were intragastrically administered paeoniflorin 25, 50 and 100 mg x kg(-1) or triptolde 20 microg x kg(-1) or paeoniflorin 50 mg x kg(-1) + RU486 15 mg x kg(-1), once a day, for 28 consecutive days. After administration, apart from PF + RU486 group all experimental rats were took blood by removalling eyeball, then separated PBMCs. The level of GCRalpha, GCRbeta in PBMCs were examined by ELISA, and the mRNA expression of GCRalpha, GCRbeta was detected by RT-PCR. All rats were sacrificed and took the joint with no immunization. The expression of IL-1beta, NF-kappaB p65, TNF-alpha, PGE2 of synovial tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. Paeoniflorin was able to inhibit the expression of IL-1beta, NF-kappaB p65, TNF-alpha, PGE2 of synovial tissue in CIA rats. While RU486, glucocorticoid receptor's blocker, could weaken the fuction of paeoniflorin. Meanwhile, paeoniflorin obviously induced the expression of GCRalpha and GCRalpha mRNA, while obviously inhibited the expression of GCRbeta and GCRbeta mRNA. These results indicat paeoniflorine suppresses inflammatory mediator production may be relating with it regulating GCR in PBMCs of CIA rats.
Animals ; Arthritis ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cattle ; Collagen ; adverse effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Glucosides ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Monoterpenes ; administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective　The conditional hierarchical clustering for 1-dimensional(1-d) ordinal data was discussed.Methods　Because the individuals are ordered in 1-d,the conditional matrix was constructed with all elements in the second-diagonal are 1 and the others are 0.Distance matrix of individuals defined by some particular definition.Then the conditional-distance matrix was made for the hierarchical clustering by connecting the conditional matrix and distance matrix.This method was called 1-dimentsional conditional hierarchical clustering.An example was illustrated by this method and a Monte Carol study showed that method was feasible and robust.Results　Compared with the least-squares partition,this method is easy to understand,easy to practice and easy to compute.It also can give us a stable result.Conclusion　Because of the austere theory,the simple thought and the convenient application,it's a good method for the 1-d ordinal data.

Objective To examine the differences in the level of sedation and adverse effects produced by equivalent analgesic doses of remifentanil,sufentanil and fentanyl.Methods Eighty ASA Ⅰ female patients aged 18-39 yr with BMI of 18-25 kg/m2 scheduled for laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n =20 each):group control (group C) ; group remifentanil ( group R) ; group sufentanil (group S) and group fentanyl (group F).Remifentanil 2 μg/kg,sufentanil 0.2 μg/kg and fentanyl 2 μg/kg in normal saline 10 ml were infused iv over 2 min in groups R,S and F respectively.Depth of sedation was assessed and scored using OAA/S scale (5 =alert,1 =no response to prodding) and wavele index (WLI),before (baseline) and at 2,4,6,8 and 10 min after drug administration.Besides RR,pulse oxygen saturation,BP,HR were also monitored.The incidences of apnea,muscle rigidity,nausea and vomiting,pruritus,vertigo,bradycardia,profuse sweating and skin rash were measured and calculated.Results The 4 groups were comparable with respect to age,BMI and height.The lowest values of OAA/S scores,WLI and RR were significantly lower in groups R,S and F than in group C.Sufentanil produced the deepest sedation among the 3 opioids.Remifentanil produced strongest respiratory depression and nausea and vomiting.Conclusion The equivalent analgesic dose of sufentanil produces deeper sedation than that of remifentanil and fentanyl while remifentanil has the greatest impact on RR.

AIM: To study the correlation between the drug effects and serum HPLC fingerprint from active compositions of Radix paeoniae alba and Radix et Rhizowa Glycyrrhizae. METHODS: Orthogonal design of L_9(3~4) of the different combinations of three active compositions of paeoniflorin,glycyrrhiza flavoues and Glycyrrhizic acid were prepared,antalgic pharmacological experiments of mice were carried out.The fingerprints of the serum were tested by HPLC method and different chromatographic peaks were obtained.Correlation analysis was applied to interelationship between the area of each peaks and the pharmacologic data. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients were different between pear areas and analgetic coffec. CONCLUSION: This study provides a significant try of investigating the compatibility of composite herbal medicines.

AIM:To explain the drug-release behavior of paeoniflorin from paeonia glycosides sustained-releasing pellets according to different coating material. METHODS: HPLC method was used to gain the fingerprint of pellets,paeoniflorin was sellected as marker to calculate the linear equation concerning peak area,and acquire relative drug-release. RESULTS: The releasing process of paeoniflorin and other constituents from paeonia glycosides fit in with peppas and Huguchi equation. CONCLUSION: The chromatographic peaks stand for paeonia glycosides can well elucidate the releasing behavior in vitro of paeonia glycosides sustained-releasing pellet.