Under the impact of medical and health system reform and focal events in China, the medical vio-lence policy change is characterized by partial discontinuous equilibrium. It gradually evolves from policymaker-based discontinuity to participatory one, from single decision-making field to the collaborative one, and from the ex-cessive protection of unilateral interest to the maintenance of public interest as a core. In the future, if we want to re-alize the effective minimization of medical violence by public policy, the participation of all parties in the policy deci-sion should be strengthened, the focal events should be analyzed as policy issues, and the policy should be clear in order to overcome the negative influence of the inactivity of old policies.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between the changes of the blood platelet counts (BPC) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and pather mechanism of CP in traditional Chinese medicine.MethodsBPCs of CP children and healthy children were analyzed with statistical method.ResultsThe BPC of CP children was higher than that of the healthy children ( P<0.05).ConclusionThe BPC of CP children is higher than that of the healthy children, and this is consistent with the theory of traditional Chinese medicine about pathogenic mechanism of CP that CP is related to blood stasis.

Dust ; Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Mining ; Occupational Exposure ; adverse effects ; Tin ; adverse effects

Objective To learn the present pre-hospital emergency resources allocation in Liaoning province.Methods Site survey and questionnaire survey were used to survey the basic information,number of pre-hospital emergency ambulances,human resources,and communication/control systems of 19 pre-hospital emergency centers in Liaoning province in 2014.Results The number of pre-hospital emergency sub-stations,ambulances and human resource fall short of demand.Furthermore,these resources are found with such problems as greater service radius of average pre-hospital emergency service and longer average pre-hospital response time in countryside than cities,insufficient and obsolete ambulances short of onboard equipment and communication systems,not to mention shortage of medical workers of higher degrees and academic titles.Conclusions A great gap is found between urban and rural pre-hospital emergency resource allocation in Liaoning province,with poor resources in the countryside.The government is recommended to step up financial support in increasing pre-hospital emergency substations and resources allocation,regularly update pre-hospital emergency vehicles,set up independent title promotion mechanism,perfect communication scheduling system,in order to satisfy the demands of pre-hospital first aid.

Objective To investigate surgical treatment for tumor involved inferior vena cava at the upper segment of kidney.Methods The clinical data of 35 patients with tumor involved inferior vena cava at the upper segment of kidney who were admitted to Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University from January 2007 to May 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients received preoperative imaging examinations to insure the site and range of inferior vena cava involvement at the upper segment of kidney.Renal cell carcinomas with inferior vena cava involvement were found in 19 cases,leiomyosarcomas of inferior vena cava in 5 cases,leiomyomatosis involving inferior vena cava in 3 cases,adrenocortical carcinoma involving inferior vena cava in 3 cases,liver cancer involving inferior vena cava in 2 cases,right adrenal pheochromocytomas in 2 cases,retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma involving inferior vena cava in 1 case.According to tumor involvement types,the different surgical approaches,planes and method of inferior vena cava exclusion,reconstruction method and prevention of tumor embolus detachment were selected.Patients were followed up by outpatient examination and telephone interview till May 2015.Results Among 19 patients with renal cell carcinomas with inferior vena cava involvement,10 patients were placed inferior vena cava filters through internal jugular vein before surgery,10 patients underwent total hepatic vascular exclusion and 9 patients underwent intrahepatic inferior vena cava exclusion.All the 19 patients received tumor resection and inferior vena cava embolectomy.Of the 5 patients with leiomyosar-comas of inferior vena cava,3 patients underwent total hepatic vascular exclusion and 2 patients underwent intrahepatic inferior vena cava exclusion.The diseased segments of 5 patients were resected,including 4 patients of artificial vascular graft and 1 patient complicated with resection of right kidney receiving simple ligation of inferior vena cava and left renal vein at proximal and distal tumors.Of the 3 patients with leiomyomatosis involving inferior vena cava,2 patients received total hepatic vascular exclusion and 1 was treated surgically under cardiopulmonary bypass.All the 3 patients underwent inferior vena cava embolectomy and hysterectomy.Three patients with adrenocortical carcinoma involving inferior vena cava and 2 patients with liver cancer involving inferior vena cava underwent total hepatic vascular exclusion.Among the 5 patients,4 had direct suture after tumor removal combined with partial inferior vena cava resection,and 1 had patch repair after partial inferior vena cava resection.Two patients with right adrenal pheochromocytomas were exposed proximal and distal lifting devices of inferior vena cava without clamp,and the tumors were peeled off completely.Intraoperative death happened in the patient with retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma involving inferior vena cava who was prepared to undergo intrahepatic inferior vena cava exclusion but encountered intraoperative pulmonary embolism due to tumor thrombus shedding.Thirty-four patients of 35 patients underwent operation successfully without serious perioperative complications and a patient died in the perioperative period.The mean operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss and duration of postoperative hospital stay were 2.8 hours (range,1.5-5.0 hours),2 000 mL (range,400-5 000 mL) and 9.2 days (range,6.0-16.0 days).Thirty-four patients were followed up for a median time of 12 months (range,1-60 months).During the follow-up period,a patient with leiomyosarcomas of inferior vena cava and 2 patients with adrenocortical carcinoma involving inferior vena cava died of tumor recurrence,a patient with liver cancer had tumor recurrence,other patients were tumor-free survival.Conclusions Inferior vena cava at the upper segment of kidney is not contraindication for tumor resection.The appropriate way to expose,clamp and reconstruct are selected to safely remove the tumor based on extension and method of tumor involving inferior vena cava.

Objective To evaluate effects of different types of gingival flap suture on the quality of life in patients after removal of mandibular third molar. Methods A randomized, controlled clinical trial design was adopted. Sixty-two patients in oral surgery department, Stomatology Hospital of Tianjin Medical University were selected. Patients were required removal of bilateral symmetry impacted mandibular third molars, and enclosed suture (primary suture) was used in one side, open drainage suture (secondary suture) was used in the other side. The postoperative symptom severity scale (PoSSe scale) was used to evaluate the quality of life in patients after removal of mandibular third molar. The evaluation was completed 7 days after surgery, and the scale was compared between two groups. Results A total of 57 cases of clinical data were enrolled in the final analysis. The operative time for primary suture group was (17.7±4.6) min, and the operative time for secondary su?ture group was (16.3 ± 5.1) min, the difference was not statistically significant (t=1.539, P>0.05). The PoSSe score was sig?nificantly higher in primary suture group (26.348 ± 12.414) than that of secondary suture group (21.633 ± 11.382, P<0.05). Conclusion Secondary suture reduces the influence of teeth removal on quality of life in patients through relieving pain and swelling, and which is suitable for clinical application.

Objective To understand the working pressure source of obstetric nurses in Kunming through a sample survey study, so as to provide a reference for obstetric nurses to adjust self-psychology and for clinical managers to relieve working pressure on obstetric nurses. Methods We gave a sampling survey on 249 obstetric nurses in provincial,municipal and private hospitals,and usedChinese nurse job stress scaleto collect the data for statistical analysis. Results Kunming obstetric nurses' working pressure mainly came from the workload and time allocation. The ten stressors with highest score of pressure were frequent highest score, too much work, low welfare benefits,too much useless paperwork, low social status,worry about mistakes at work, too high expectation of patients,too much non-nursing work, nursing work is not accepted by patients and their families, few nurses to work. Age,title and nature of the preparation had no effect on work stress. Public hospital nurses' working pressure was significantly greater than private hospitals. Conclusion Working pressure sources of obstetric nureses in Kuming are too much night shift,too much work,welfare berfits useless paperwork,social status,mistakes at work, patients expectation work is not accopted and staffing Hospital management and nuusing managers should doploy rationally human resoures on obstteic area,reasorabal scheduling.

In this paper,the author introduced the features of online mendelian inheri-tance in man database,and intensively reviewed its application in teaching and research of medical genetics,thus providing teachers and scientists an updating dictionary.

Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of arthroscopy versus mini-incision surgery for the treatment of avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).Methods From March 2001 to September 2009,84 patients with acute displaced avulsion fracture of the tibial PCL attachment were treated operatively in our department.Thirty-five patients were treated with arthroscopic reduction and suture fixation (Group 1); 49 patients were treated with open reduction through a mini-incision and internal fixation with cannulated screw(s) and washer(s) (Group 2).There were 27 males and 8 females in group 1,with a mean age of 29.6 ± 5.6 years old,and 40 males and 9 females in group 2,with a mean age of 32.2 ± 7.6 years old.Based on the Meyers & Mckeever classification,there were 24 type Ⅱ fractures and 11 type Ⅲ fractures in group 1,and 31 type Ⅱ fractures and 18 type Ⅲ fractures in group 2.The 2 groups were compared in terms of range of motion,posterior drawer test (PDT),Lysholm score,International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grading,and clinical results.Results All the patients obtained an average follow-up of 21.5 months (range,13 to 34 months).Primary union was achieved in all the fractures 3 months postoperatively.There were no significant differences between group 1 and group 2 regarding the PDT negative rate [82.9％ (29/35) versus 91.8％ (45/49)],the Lysholm score (95.1 ± 5.6 versus 96.1 ±4.7),therate ofIKDC grade A [88.6％ (31/35) versus91.8％ (45/49)],or the rate of normal range of motion [94.3％ (33/35) versus 93.9％ (46/49)] (P ＞ 0.05).On average,group 1 used significantly longer operative time (92.4 ± 15.9 minutes) than group 2 (53.8 ± 14.3 minutes).Conclusions Both arthroscopy and mini-incision surgery can achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes in the treatment of PCL tibial avulsion fracture.Although the 2 methods make no significant differences in stability of the knee joint and clinical scores,mini-incision surgery can result in much shorter operative time and thus permit an early postoperative rehabilitation.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of dynamic determination of serum procalcitonin(PCT)levels in judgment of infection and prognosis in patients with severe craniocerebral injury.Methods A total of 80 patients with severe craniocerebral injury were selected and they were divided into infection group and non-infection group.Infection group was divided into improved group and non-improved group.Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)score and Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score was compared between infection group and non-infection group.The level of serum PCT,white blood cell count(WBC),C-reactive protein(CRP)and interleukin(IL)-6 was compared on the first,third,fifth day of admission in intensive care unit among these groups.Results Infection group in 48 patients,and non-infection group in 32 patients.There was no significant difference in age,sex and GCS score between two groups(P ＞0.05).APACHE Ⅱ score in infection group was higher than that in non-infection group [(21.71 ± 7.13)scores vs.(15.32 ± 6.17)scores],and there was significant difference (P＜ 0.05).The level of serum PCT on the first day of admission in intensive care unit in infection group was higher than that in non-infection group[(2.15 ± 1.79)ng/L vs.(0.56 ± 0.47)ng/L],and there was significant difference(P＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in WBC,CRP and IL-6 between two groups(P＞0.05).The level of serum PCT,WBC,CRP,IL-6 on the third day of admission in intensive care unit in infection group was higher than that in non-infection group,and there was significant difference(P＜ 0.05).The level of serum PCT on the fifth day of admission in intensive care unit in infection group was higher than that in non-infection group [(3.09 ± 1.98)ng/L vs.(1.06 ± 0.63)ng/L],and there was significant difference (P＜0.05).WBC,CRP,IL-6 on the fifth day of admission in intensive care unit was(15.13 ±6.32)×109/L,(103.56 ±40.62)mg/L,(230.41 ± 121.83)ng/L in improved group(38 cases),and (18.62 ±8.89)× 109/L,(134.38 ± 34.16)mg/L,(268.73 ± 138.12)ng/L in non-improved group(10 cases),and there were significant differences between two groups(P ＜ 0.05).The level of serum PCT on the first,third,fifth day of admission in intensive care unit in improved group was lower than that in non-improved group,and there was significant difference(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The alteration of serum PCT level may be used as one of the effective predictors for infection in patients with severe craniocerebral injury and for their prognosis.