This article systematically reviews the characteristics and trends of the writing, editing, publication and promotion of physiology textbooks in China from the late 19th century to the present, focusing on the introduction, development and innovation of Chinese physiology textbooks. The development of physiology textbooks in China is divided into four main stages: the introduction and initial development of physiology textbooks from the late 19th century to 1925; the localization and diversification of textbooks from 1926 to 1949, after the establishment of the Chinese Physiological Society; the exploratory phase of textbook construction after the founding of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976; the formation and innovation of the textbook development process from 1977 to the present, following the restoration of the college entrance examination. For each phase, the article not only records the historical development of physiology textbooks, but also analyzes the evolution of their content, writing styles and the interaction with the social and political contexts. The article summarizes the characteristics and experiences of all these four phases. Special attention is given to the comprehensive statistical analysis of physiology textbooks published since the restoration of the college entrance examination and Economic Reform and Opening-up in 1977, revealing the changes in the number, publication trends and academic features of textbooks during this period. Finally, the article presets the future development of physiology textbooks in China, proposing that textbook writing should integrate aspects such as ideological and political education, medical humanities, basic and clinical medicine, health education, scientific research and international exchange and collaboration. The article also advocates for the application of new technologies and methods, such as artificial intelligence, virtual teaching models and knowledge graphs, to support "personalized learning". This research provides a systematic reference for the study of the history of medical education and offers theoretical support for the future innovation of physiology textbook in China.
Humans ; China ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Physiology/education* ; Textbooks as Topic/history*

[摘 要] 目的：探讨内吞作用相关基因FCHO2在各亚型乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌患者的预后和免疫细胞浸润的相关性。方法：应用免疫组化法和bc-GenExMiner v5.0数据库数据分析FCHO2在各亚型乳腺癌组织中的表达，通过GEO和TIMER数据库数据分析FCHO2与各亚型乳腺癌患者预后和免疫细胞浸润的关系，利用STRING和GEPIA数据库数据分析与FCHO2的互作蛋白网络和其与互作蛋白的相关性，通过UALCAN和DAVID数据库数据对乳腺癌组织中FCHO2表达相关基因进行KEGG和GO分析。结果：免疫组化法结果显示，FCHO2在管腔型和HER2+乳腺癌组织中均呈高表达（均P<0.05），且与HER2和Ki67表达有关联（P=0.03和P=0.007）。FCHO2高表达的管腔型乳腺癌患者总生存期（OS）和无复发生存期（RFS）均明显缩短（均P<0.05）。FCHO2蛋白与EPS15等多种蛋白表达相关且构成蛋白-蛋白互作网络。KEGG和GO分析显示，乳腺癌组织中FCHO2相关表达基因主要与昼夜节律、自噬等生物学过程有关，涉及叉头框蛋白O（FoxO）和TGF-β等信号通路。FCHO2表达与各亚型乳腺癌组织中的免疫细胞浸润相关（均P<0.05）。结论：FCHO2在管腔型、HER2+乳腺癌组织中呈高表达，且与管腔型乳腺癌患者预后及免疫细胞浸润相关，其可能成为乳腺癌治疗的潜在靶点。

[摘 要] 目的：探讨内吞作用相关基因FCHO2在各亚型乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌患者的预后和免疫细胞浸润的相关性。方法：应用免疫组化法和bc-GenExMiner v5.0数据库数据分析FCHO2在各亚型乳腺癌组织中的表达，通过GEO和TIMER数据库数据分析FCHO2与各亚型乳腺癌患者预后和免疫细胞浸润的关系，利用STRING和GEPIA数据库数据分析与FCHO2的互作蛋白网络和其与互作蛋白的相关性，通过UALCAN和DAVID数据库数据对乳腺癌组织中FCHO2表达相关基因进行KEGG和GO分析。结果：免疫组化法结果显示，FCHO2在管腔型和HER2+乳腺癌组织中均呈高表达（均P<0.05），且与HER2和Ki67表达有关联（P=0.03和P=0.007）。FCHO2高表达的管腔型乳腺癌患者总生存期（OS）和无复发生存期（RFS）均明显缩短（均P<0.05）。FCHO2蛋白与EPS15等多种蛋白表达相关且构成蛋白-蛋白互作网络。KEGG和GO分析显示，乳腺癌组织中FCHO2相关表达基因主要与昼夜节律、自噬等生物学过程有关，涉及叉头框蛋白O（FoxO）和TGF-β等信号通路。FCHO2表达与各亚型乳腺癌组织中的免疫细胞浸润相关（均P<0.05）。结论：FCHO2在管腔型、HER2+乳腺癌组织中呈高表达，且与管腔型乳腺癌患者预后及免疫细胞浸润相关，其可能成为乳腺癌治疗的潜在靶点。

Objective:To explore the scientificity of the public hospital liability policy governance from the perspective of policy tools,and to provide evidence for the optimization and adjustment of subsequent policies.Methods:Policy texts at the national and regional levels from 2009-2022 were selected,and the coding results were statistically analyzed using Excel 2019 based on Rothwell and Zegveld's classification of policy tools.Results:A total of 128 policy texts were included in the analysis,with 29.96%,34.16%,and 35.88%of the policy tools in the policy instrument dimension being demand-based,supply-based,and environment-based,respectively.The system mechanism dimension focused primarily on compensation mechanisms.Conclusion:The use of the three policy instruments is mainly dominated by environmental policies,with a relative lack of policies from demand side.It is recommended that the use of policies from demand side could be strengthened and the internal structure of policy tools be optimized,to improve the consistency and coupling of policies.

Objective:To explore the scientificity of the public hospital liability policy governance from the perspective of policy tools,and to provide evidence for the optimization and adjustment of subsequent policies.Methods:Policy texts at the national and regional levels from 2009-2022 were selected,and the coding results were statistically analyzed using Excel 2019 based on Rothwell and Zegveld's classification of policy tools.Results:A total of 128 policy texts were included in the analysis,with 29.96%,34.16%,and 35.88%of the policy tools in the policy instrument dimension being demand-based,supply-based,and environment-based,respectively.The system mechanism dimension focused primarily on compensation mechanisms.Conclusion:The use of the three policy instruments is mainly dominated by environmental policies,with a relative lack of policies from demand side.It is recommended that the use of policies from demand side could be strengthened and the internal structure of policy tools be optimized,to improve the consistency and coupling of policies.

Objective:To explore the scientificity of the public hospital liability policy governance from the perspective of policy tools,and to provide evidence for the optimization and adjustment of subsequent policies.Methods:Policy texts at the national and regional levels from 2009-2022 were selected,and the coding results were statistically analyzed using Excel 2019 based on Rothwell and Zegveld's classification of policy tools.Results:A total of 128 policy texts were included in the analysis,with 29.96%,34.16%,and 35.88%of the policy tools in the policy instrument dimension being demand-based,supply-based,and environment-based,respectively.The system mechanism dimension focused primarily on compensation mechanisms.Conclusion:The use of the three policy instruments is mainly dominated by environmental policies,with a relative lack of policies from demand side.It is recommended that the use of policies from demand side could be strengthened and the internal structure of policy tools be optimized,to improve the consistency and coupling of policies.

Objective:To explore the scientificity of the public hospital liability policy governance from the perspective of policy tools,and to provide evidence for the optimization and adjustment of subsequent policies.Methods:Policy texts at the national and regional levels from 2009-2022 were selected,and the coding results were statistically analyzed using Excel 2019 based on Rothwell and Zegveld's classification of policy tools.Results:A total of 128 policy texts were included in the analysis,with 29.96%,34.16%,and 35.88%of the policy tools in the policy instrument dimension being demand-based,supply-based,and environment-based,respectively.The system mechanism dimension focused primarily on compensation mechanisms.Conclusion:The use of the three policy instruments is mainly dominated by environmental policies,with a relative lack of policies from demand side.It is recommended that the use of policies from demand side could be strengthened and the internal structure of policy tools be optimized,to improve the consistency and coupling of policies.

Objective:To explore the scientificity of the public hospital liability policy governance from the perspective of policy tools,and to provide evidence for the optimization and adjustment of subsequent policies.Methods:Policy texts at the national and regional levels from 2009-2022 were selected,and the coding results were statistically analyzed using Excel 2019 based on Rothwell and Zegveld's classification of policy tools.Results:A total of 128 policy texts were included in the analysis,with 29.96%,34.16%,and 35.88%of the policy tools in the policy instrument dimension being demand-based,supply-based,and environment-based,respectively.The system mechanism dimension focused primarily on compensation mechanisms.Conclusion:The use of the three policy instruments is mainly dominated by environmental policies,with a relative lack of policies from demand side.It is recommended that the use of policies from demand side could be strengthened and the internal structure of policy tools be optimized,to improve the consistency and coupling of policies.

Objective:To explore the scientificity of the public hospital liability policy governance from the perspective of policy tools,and to provide evidence for the optimization and adjustment of subsequent policies.Methods:Policy texts at the national and regional levels from 2009-2022 were selected,and the coding results were statistically analyzed using Excel 2019 based on Rothwell and Zegveld's classification of policy tools.Results:A total of 128 policy texts were included in the analysis,with 29.96%,34.16%,and 35.88%of the policy tools in the policy instrument dimension being demand-based,supply-based,and environment-based,respectively.The system mechanism dimension focused primarily on compensation mechanisms.Conclusion:The use of the three policy instruments is mainly dominated by environmental policies,with a relative lack of policies from demand side.It is recommended that the use of policies from demand side could be strengthened and the internal structure of policy tools be optimized,to improve the consistency and coupling of policies.

Objective:To explore the scientificity of the public hospital liability policy governance from the perspective of policy tools,and to provide evidence for the optimization and adjustment of subsequent policies.Methods:Policy texts at the national and regional levels from 2009-2022 were selected,and the coding results were statistically analyzed using Excel 2019 based on Rothwell and Zegveld's classification of policy tools.Results:A total of 128 policy texts were included in the analysis,with 29.96%,34.16%,and 35.88%of the policy tools in the policy instrument dimension being demand-based,supply-based,and environment-based,respectively.The system mechanism dimension focused primarily on compensation mechanisms.Conclusion:The use of the three policy instruments is mainly dominated by environmental policies,with a relative lack of policies from demand side.It is recommended that the use of policies from demand side could be strengthened and the internal structure of policy tools be optimized,to improve the consistency and coupling of policies.