BACKGROUND:Animal exhaustion models are used mostly in exercise-induced fatigue research, in which complete exhaustion is confused with sports fatigue. OBJECTIVE:By understanding of exercise-induced fatigue, understanding the mechanism of its occurrence, to grasp the reasonable and effective control measures, which to eliminate fatigue is very important for improving public health, improving sports performance and preventing sports injuries. METHODS:A computer-based search of Medline, Embase, CBMdisc and CNKI was used for articles related to exercise-induced fatigue published from 1966 to 2014. The keywords were “exercise-induced fatigue, peripheral fatigue; central fatigue, exercise-induced fatigue” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finaly, 49 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The criteria and condition control of exercise-induced fatigue should be recognized. The mechanisms of peripheral fatigue and central fatigue are stil unclear. The peripheral fatigue may locate in the neuromuscular junction, T system, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and myocardial cel membrane with the corresponding material changes. During the exercise-induced central fatigue, there are corresponding changes in the neurotransmitters produced by the central nervous system, transfers quality and neural hormone.

Objective To discuss the significance and alteration of heart rate turbulence (HRT) of diabetics with ventricular premature beats of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods 107 patients were chosen and divided into DM group(n=30), CHD group (n=32)and normal group(n=45).The turbulence onset(TO)and turbulence slope(TS) were calculated and analyzed. Results For the diabetics with ventricular premature beats, TO value was higher and TS value was lower than the normal group(all P<0.05).The value of TO and TS of the diabetics with ventricular premature beats were similar to those of CHD(P>0.05). Conclusions HRT can be used to estimate the integrality and stability of cardiac autonomic nerve function for the diabetics and it is an important factor for diagnosis.

Objective:To establish the competency model for medical representatives in China. Methods:Firstly, the competen-cy elements for medical representatives were defined through the literature research and logic analysis, the importance of each element was then evaluated by a questionnaire, and the survey results were analyzed by a factor analysis approach. Lastly, the weight of each factor was confirmed by analytic hierarchy process. Results & Conclusion: The competency model, which consists of 5 dimensions ( professional quality, professional ethics, knowledge, personal characteristics and relationship management) , 26 competency elements and the weight of each factor, is established successfully.

Objective To establish a rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence immunoassay for detecting squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA)in human serum.Methods Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)and N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol)(ABEI) were used to label two different monoclonal antibodies of anti-SCCA.SCCA in serum combined with labeled antibodies and formed a sandwiched immunoreaction.After adding the substrate solution,the relative light unit of ABEI was measured.Magnetic particles coated with anti-FITC antibody were used as solid separation carrier.Results The results demonstrated that the method was linear to 22 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.025 ng/mL.The coefficient of variation (CV)was less than 6% and 7% for intra-assay and inter-assay precision,respectively.Compared with the commercial kit,the proposed method showed a correlation of 0.990 1.Conclu-sion chemiluminescence immunoassay based on magnetic particles displays acceptable performance for quantification of SCCA and is appropriate for use in clinical diagnosis.

China ; Humans ; Occupational Health Services ; Physical Examination

Objective To study the stability and reproducibility in serum proteome by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS).Methods Bruker Daltonics MALDI-TOF-MS was adopted under the linear mode, with mass ranging from 800 to 10 000 m/z.MB-WCX pre-extraction kit and Clinprotools software was used to analyze data.Results The reproducibility study was carried out under the standardized conditions.Data analysis showed that the m/z ratio was in the acceptable range, and the coefficients of variation(CV) was 12.7% ,13.1% and 18.8% ,respectively in the parallel experiment by taking 2 cancer and 1 healthy control serum samples and could identify the diseased samples.Then 30 healthy control samples were used to validate this result, all of which showed very good mass profile. The average CV was 25.5%, which could meet the requirements of clinical laboratory.Conclusion With the help of optimized experimental conditions and MALDI-TOF-MS, stable and reproducible mass spectrum can be required which is helpful for the early diagnosis of diseases.

Some conclusions drawn from explanatory randomized controlled trial (ERCT) lack practical value in application under real-world clinical settings, and there are also some limitations on the generalization of pragmatic randomized controlled trial (PRCT) results. In some countries, real-world studies (RWSs) have been conducted to explore the effectiveness and safety of clinical interventions or postmarketing drugs, which is a new tendency in clinical researches. By reviewing some RWSs carried out in Western countries, we sum up the basic characteristics of the research design, and discuss the differences and connections between PRCT and RWS. The design ideas of RWS are different from PRCT. Researchers in RWS tend to perform long-term evaluation based on large quantities of subjects and quite large sample and focus on outcome measures which are clinically meaningful. Strict control on data collection, management and analysis are very important to RWS and PRCT. Owing to the complexity of clinical interventions and evaluation, PRCT is not completely suitable for clinical researches in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is an inevitable tendency to apply RWS in clinical trials of TCM. We can explore the efficacy of TCM interventions through PRCT, and better understand the effectiveness through RWS. RWS will become a powerful approach to TCM clinical trials and postmarketing evaluation of Chinese medicines.

Risk factors related to malnutrition were prospectively studied in 82 cases with acute ischemic stroke in our hospital during December 1,2007 and December 31,2008. The incidences of malnutrition on the first and ( 14 ± 1 )th day were 18% (15/82) and 30% (25/82). Study showed that age ( P = 0. 007 ), dysphagia ( P = 0. 043 ), malnutrition on admission ( P = 0. 003 ) were risk factors related to malnutrition on the ( 14 ± 1)th day after admission; there was no interaction between dysphagia and the other two factors, dysphagia was an independent risk factor related to malnutrition after acute ischemic stroke.

Malnutrition is significantly correlated with the high mortality and other poor outcomes of stroke;in turn,stroke can increase the incidence of malnutrition.Old age and swallowing dysfunction are independent risk factors of post-stroke malnutrition.The sequential nutritional support with enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition can reduce or avoid the complications of both malnutrition and stroke,and therefore should be considered for stroke patients,especially those who are critically ill.

0.05)。But the DNA,RNA content and lactase activities and maltase activity in the small intestine mucosa in I-fed piglets were significantly greater than those of P-fed piglets. Conclusions:These results show that insulin influences the enzymatic activity and the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells of IUGR newborn piglets.