Chitin is one of the most important component in fungal cell wall.Biosynthesis of chitin is a complex processes and needs several chitin synthase isoenzymes.The knowledge of structure,function and regulation of chitin synthases is mainly derived from the study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.In contrast with the 3 chitin synthases in S.cerevisiae,7 were found in most filamentous fungi.In this review the classification and function of chitin synthases are summerized,and progress in the studies on chitin synthases of filamentous fungi which are of theoretical or medical or agricultural importance,including Aspergillus nidulans,Aspergillus fumigatus and Ustilago maydis are emphasized.Recent ad-vance of research on chitin synthase as antifungal target is also discussed.

ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting both lower and upper motor neurons,including the pyramidal tract.There have been no objective and effective method to evaluate the lesions of upper motor neurons.With non-invasive,sensitive and macroscopic advantages,the application of Regular MR,MRS,DWI,function MR and VBM on ALS will undoubtedly have great potentials in the diagnosis,disease monitor and therapy of ALS.

Sophoramine ( Sa ) is an alkaloid from sophora alopecuroides. Linn., in anesthetize animals ( cat, rat and rabbit), intravenous adminstra-tion of Sa reduced rapidly and markly the arterial blood pressure. The mechanism of hypotension effect of Sa is mainly attributable to its sympathetic ganglionic blocking and direct vasodilatation. Experiment on the isolated hearts of guinea pig revealed that Sa produced negative chronotropic and positive inotropic action, and increased coronary flow simultaneously.In a study of experimental arrhythmia in animals,we observed that Sa could reduce the arrhythmia induced by aconitine in rats and decreased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by chloroform in mice.

Objective To evaluate the effect of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)in diagnosing e- sophageal and gastric varices in portal hypertension(PHT)patients.Methods Fifty-three patients with e- sophageal and gastric varices(EV、GV)of decompensation PHT and 20 patients without PHT as control were undergone EUS and esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD)simultaneously.EUS detected mainly the EGV,e- sophagus and stomach collateral veins.Results EUS identified EV endoscopically in 29(54.7%)patients. EUS detected GV in 24(45.3%)patients,compared with detection in 18(34.0%)patients by esopha- gogastroduodenoscopy(EGD)(P＜0.001).EUS detected PEV in 27(51%)patients.Distribution rates of PEV in F1,F2 and F3 are 0%,28.6% and 75% respectively.The comparison between groups shows sig- nificant difference(P＜0.001).Splenic vein can be seen in both control and experimental groups with di- ameter 7.5?1.35mm VS 11.5?3.5mm respectively,the difference between two groups is significant(P＜0.001).Proximal diameters of Azygos vein in two groups is 7.36?1.29mm VS 8.77?2.94mm respective- ly.Significant difference can be found(P＜0.05).Conclusion EUS had significant value in the diagnosis of PHT with EV and GV,and especially in detecting abnormalities of extra-luminal veins.

Induced pluripotent stem cell is a landmark in the stem cell study field, which has rapidly developed in the past 10 years.By obtaining induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cell, and then differentiating into cardiomyocyte, various cardiomyocyte disease models could be established,which can be used for research of disease mechanisms, drug screening and gene therapy.This review introduces the successfully established cardiomyocyte disease models from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and points out the problems and prospects.

Objective To purify AmpC beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae and study its physical and chemical characteristics.Methods The bacteria were fragmentized by ultrasonication and AmpC beta-lactamase was purified by ion-exchange.The properties of the purified enzyme,such as molecular weight and isoelectric point were determined by electrophoresis.Results The purified AmpC beta-lactamase was obtained and its specificity to substrate was sufficient for classification of class C cephalosporinase.Conclusion AmpC can be successfully purified from Enterobacter cloacae and is effective for application.

0.05]. Moreover, the Qm and PI of the grafted anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary arteries were similar between the two groups.Conclusions No significant difference exists in the graft blood flow between OPCABG and CCABG groups.

Retrospective study was carried out in 93 cases of endometrial carcinoma admitted to our hospital since Jan. 1985 to Dec. 1994. Thirty five cases were older than 60 years, and 24 cases were younger than 50 years. All of the cases had pathological diagnosis and were staged according to FIGO. When compared with the younger group, the rate of older patients with stage Ⅰa was higher (11.4% in younger and 45.4% in older, P

Objective To obtain the most effective diagnosis method for diabetic muscle infarction by using the evidence based medicine.Methods In March 2006 we attempted to find the guideline,systematic review,random controlled trials,clinical controlled trials and case reports for the diagnosis of diabetic muscle infarction by searching Cochrane Library(Issue 4,2005),Embase(1974—2005),Medline(1966—2005)and CNKI database(1949—2005),then critically appraised the quality of available evidences.Results According to the present evidence,when the the patient was suspected to have diabetic muscle infarction,we should choose the sonography to exclude some common diseases at first;the CT examination of all the patients showed no obvious manifestations;the normal MRI examination of 67 patients showed obvious manifestations;the patients who did the muscle biopsy or needle biopsy did not develop any complications.Conclusion The diagnosis of diabetic muscle infarction should be based on the clinical presentations and MRI outcome,but when the diagnosis is uncertain,we should use the needle biopsy to confirm the diagnosis at an early time.

0 05). Conclusions Serum ? hCG could reflect the degree of functional imbalance of the placental trophoblasts on PIH and it may be used as a clinical detecting index of PIH. On the other hand, HPL is not such a useful factor.