Femoral head fractures without dislocation or subluxation are extremely rare injuries. We report a neglected case of isolated comminuted fracture of femoral head without hip dislocation or subluxation of one year duration in a 36-year-old patient who sustained a high energy trauma due to road traffic accident. He presented with painful right hip and inability to bear full weight on right lower limb with Harris hip score of 39. He received cementless total hip replacement. At latest follow-up of 2.3 years, functional outcome was excellent with Harris hip score of 95. Such isolated injuries have been described only once in the literature and have not been classified till now. The purpose of this report is to highlight the extreme rarity, possible mechanism involved and a novel classification system to classify such injuries.
Adult ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Femur Head ; injuries ; Fractures, Comminuted ; surgery ; Hip Fractures ; surgery ; Humans ; Male

Severe injury to the knee and the surrounding area is frequently associated with injury to ligaments of the knee joint and structures in the popliteal fossa. This case involved a popliteal artery occlusion, severe bone loss of distal femur, loss of collateral ligaments, and extensor mechanism destruction of the knee. Initially, prompt recognition and correction of associated popliteal artery injury are important for good results after treatment. After successful revascularization, treatment for severe bone loss of distal femur and injury of the knee joint must be followed. We treated this case by delayed reconstruction using modular segmental endoprosthesis after revascularization of the popliteal artery. This allowed early ambulation. At 36 months after surgery, the patient had good circulation of the lower limb and was ambulating independently.
*Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Femur/*injuries/radiography/*surgery ; Humans ; Internal Fixators ; Knee Injuries/*surgery ; Knee Joint/surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Popliteal Artery/*injuries/radiography/*surgery

Adult ; Female ; Femoral Artery ; surgery ; Femur ; injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; surgery ; Young Adult

Intra-articular coronal fractures (Hoffas fractures) of distal femur are rare. Although bicondylar involvement in these fractures has been reported in the literature in association with high velocity traumata, the occurrence of these fractures involving extensor mechanism rupture and avulsion of ipsilateral tibial spine is extremely rare. To our acquaintance, such a fracture pattern has not yet been reported in the literature so far. In this article, we report one such case and discuss the importance of early diagnosis and prompt internal fixation in the management of such cases.We believe that these rare combinations of injuries should be treated aggressively by early open reduction and anatomic rigid internal fixation in order to achieve good recovery of function.
Femoral Fractures ; surgery ; Femur ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Fractures, Bone ; Humans ; Knee Injuries ; surgery ; Tibia ; Tibial Fractures ; surgery

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of two different femoral cortical suspension devices (fixation loop and adjustable loop) on tunnel widening and knee function in patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction for 12 months. METHODS: A total of 60 patients who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were included in this study. According to the length of the loop(n)[n= total length of loop-(total length of femoral tunnel-total length of coarse tunnel)] in the rough bone tunnel, the patients were divided into A (adjustable loop was 0 mm in the coarse bone tunnel), B (fixation loop was greater than 0 mm and less than or equal to 10 mm in the coarse bone tunnel) and C (fixation loop was greater than 10 mm in the coarse bone tunnel) groups, of which 11 cases were in group A, 27 cases in group B and 22 cases in group C. In the three-dimensional reconstruction of the knee joint with multi-slice spiral CT, the widening of the bone tunnel in the three groups was compared. At the same time, IKDC, Lysholm and Tegner scores of the patients in the three groups were compared. RESULTS: There were differences in the widening degree of the femoral canal among groups A, B and C, and the median difference of the widening degree of the femoral tunnel 12 months and immediately after the surgery was A < B < C. The difference of femoral canal widening in group A was significantly different from that in groups B and C (P < 0.05).According to the linear regression the relationship between the difference of the width of the femoral canal and the change of the length (n) of the loop in the coarse canal, it was found that there was a linear relationship between the value of n and the difference of the width of the bone canal. With the increase of the value of n, the difference of the width of the bone canal gradually became larger. The median difference of the width of the middle and superior tunnel was negative, while the median difference of the width of the middle and inferior tunnel was positive. During the follow-up, we found that there were no statistical differences in IKDC, Lysholm and Tegner scores among the three groups one year after surgery (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Twelve months after surgery, compared with group B (fixed loop group) and group C (fixed loop group), group A (adjustable loop group) had less bone tunnel widening.In groups A, B and C, as the length of the loop in coarse bone tunnel gradually increased, the width of bone tunnel became more significant. At the end of 12 months follow-up after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, the medial and inferior femoral tunnel was significantly wider than immediately after surgery, and the medial and superior femoral tunnel had gradually begun to undergo tendon-bone healing. There was no significant difference in knee function scores among groups A, B, and C in the follow-up 12 months after surgery.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ; Femur/surgery* ; Humans ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Tendons ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: Rigid interlocking nailing for femoral shaft fracture is ideal for use in adolescents in terms of stability of the fracture and convenience for the patient. However, numerous authors have reported that rigid interlocking nailing has some limitations in this age group due to the risk of complications. We evaluated the results of intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures with an interlocking humeral nail in older children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of patients treated with an interlocking humeral nail. Radiographs were examined for proximal femoral change and evidence of osteonecrosis. Outcomes were assessed by major or minor complications that occurred after operative treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-four femoral shaft fractures in 23 patients were enrolled. The mean age at the time of operation was 12 years and 8 months and the mean follow-up period was 21 months. Bony union was achieved in all patients without any complications related to the procedure such as infection, nonunion, malalignment and limb length discrepancy. All fractures were clinically and radiographically united within an average eight weeks. No patients developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head and coxa valga. CONCLUSION: Intramedullary nailing through the greater trochanter using a rigid interlocking humeral nail is effective and safe for the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in older children and adolescents.
Adolescent ; *Bone Nails ; Child ; Female ; Femoral Fractures/*surgery ; Femur/injuries/surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Adult ; Female ; Femoral Fractures ; surgery ; Femur Neck ; injuries ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo discuss the clinical effects of external fixator combined with limited internal fixation in the treatment of pediatric distal femur fractures.

METHODSFrom January 2008 to June 2014, 17 children of distal femur fractures were treated by external fixator combined with limited internal fixation. There were 12 males and 5 females, aged from 6 to 13 years old with an average of 10.2 years, ranged in the course of disease from 1 h to 2 d. Preoperative diagnoses were confirmed by X-ray films in all children. There were 11 patients with supracondylar fracture , and 6 patients with intercondylar comminuted fracture. According to AO/ASIF classification, 9 fractures were type A1, 5 cases were type A2,and 3 cases were type C1. The intraoperative and postoperative complications, postoperative radiological examination, lower limbs length and motion of knee joints were observed. Knee joint function was assessed by KSS score.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up from 6 to 38 months with an average of 24.4 months. No nerve or blood vessel injury was found. One case complicated with the external fixation loosening, 2 cases with the infection of pin hole and 3 cases with the leg length discrepancy. Knee joint mobility and length measurement (compared with the contralateral), the average limited inflexion was 10 degrees (0 degrees to 20 degrees), the average limited straight was 4 degrees (0 degrees to 10), the average varus or valgus angle was 3 degrees (0 degrees to 5 degrees). KSS of the injured side was (96.4 +/- 5.0) points at final follow-up, 16 cases got excellent results and 1 good. All fractures obtained healing and no epiphyseal closed early was found.

CONCLUSIONExternal fixator combined with limited internal fixation has advantages of simple operation, reliable fixation, early functional exercise in treating pediatric distal femurs fractures.

Adolescent ; Child ; External Fixators ; Female ; Femoral Fractures ; surgery ; Femur ; injuries ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Internal Fixators ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To study the three-approach and traditional anterior medial technique to establish the femoral tunnel of position, length, and coronal angle and the early efficacy of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS: Through retrospective research, from December 2018 to June 2019, a total of 36 patients diagnosed with simple anterior cruciate ligament tear and undergoing surgery were collected. All patients had a clear history of knee sprains and were divided into two groups. A group of 16 patients, including 11 males and 5 females, with an average age of (30.13±6.54) years and an injury time of 7 to 60 (30.19±15.78) days, three-approach technique was used to drill the femoral tunnel to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament. Another group of 20patients, including 15 males and 5 females, with an average age of (30.80±8.60) years, and an injury time of 7 to 60 (27.35±15.50) days, the traditional anterior medial approach was used to drill the femoral tunnel to reconstruct anterior cruciate ligament. CT 3D reconstruction technique was used to evaluate the femoral tunnel and the knee joint function was evaluated by Lysholm score of the knee joint. RESULTS: All patients achieved primary healing after the surgical incision. No femoral tunnel fracture, vascular and nerve damage, difficulty in graft passage during the operation, and venous thrombosis occurred. All 36 patients were followed up on an outpatient basis, with a follow up period of 9 to 15 (12.00±2.83) months. Three-dimensional CT reconstruction was used to evaluate the femoral tunnel of the patients. The position of the femoral tunnel was described using the quartile method as the three-approach group:the lower (27.83±1.97) % of the femoral condyle and the posterior (25.57±3.20) %;the traditional approach group:the lower (28.38±3.21) % of the femoral condyle and the posterior (26.23±3.20) %. Bone tunnel length, three-approach group:(35.20±5.52) mm in total length, (23.20±2.07) mm in thick bone tunnel;traditional approach group:(34.60±4.26) mm in total length, (22.56±2.50) mm in thick bone tunnel. Coronal plane angle, three-approach group:(47.93±5.98) °;traditional approach group:(41.78±6.62) °. Knee joint Lysholm score, three-approach group:48.67±4.18 before surgery;97.00±2.48 at last follow up;traditional approach group:49.75±5.33 before surgery, 97.30±2.68 at last follow up, there were significant differences before and after surgery, no significant statistical difference between two groups. CONCLUSION The positions of the femoral tunnel drilled by the two methods were within the range of the anatomic stop of the anterior cruciate ligament, and there was no statistical difference. Compared with the traditional anterior medial approach, the coronal plane angle of the femoral tunnel drilled by the three-approach approach is relatively large, and there were no statistical differences in the length of the tunnel, the early postoperative effect of the two surgical methods, and the operation time. But the three approach has a wider and clearer vision. In addition, the knee flexion angle required for drilling the femoral tunnel during surgery is significantly smaller than that of traditional approach technology, which reduces the difficulty of surgery.
Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ; Female ; Femur/surgery* ; Humans ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To explore the stress distribution characteristics of the graft after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, so as to provide theoretical reference for the surgical plan of ACL reconstruction. METHODS: Based on 3D MRI and CT images, finite element models of the uninjured knee joint and knee joint after ACL reconstruction were established in this study. The uninjured knee model included femur, tibia, fibula, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, ACL and posterior cruciate ligament. The ACL reconstruction knee model included femur, tibia, fibula, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, ACL graft and posterior cruciate ligament. Linear elastic material properties were used for both the uninjured and ACL reconstruction models. The elastic modulus of bone tissue was set as 17 GPa and Poisson' s ratio was 0.36. The material properties of ligament tissue and graft were set as elastic modulus 390 MPa and Poisson's ratio 0.4. The femur was fixed as the boundary condition, and the tibia anterior tension of 134 N was applied as the loading condition. The stress states of the ACL of the intact joint and the ACL graft after reconstruction were solved and analyzed, including tension, pressure, shear force and von Mises stress. RESULTS: The maximum compressive stress (6.34 MPa), von Mises stress (5.9 MPa) and shear stress (1.83 MPa) of the reconstructed ACL graft were all at the anterior femoral end. It was consistent with the position of maximum compressive stress (8.77 MPa), von Mises stress (8.88 MPa) and shear stress (3.44 MPa) in the ACL of the intact knee joint. The maximum tensile stress of the graft also appeared at the femoral end, but at the posterior side, which was consistent with the position of the maximum tensile stress of ACL of the uninjured knee joint. More-over, the maximum tensile stress of the graft was only 0.88 MPa, which was less than 2.56 MPa of ACL of the uninjured knee joint. CONCLUSION The maximum compressive stress, von Mises stress and shear stress of the ACL graft are located in the anterior femoral end, and the maximum tensile stress is located in the posterior femoral end, which is consistent with the position of the maximum tensile stress of the ACL of the uninjured knee joint. The anterior part of ACL and the graft bore higher stresses than the posterior part, which is consistent with the biomechanical characteristics of ACL.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/surgery* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Femur/surgery* ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Tibia/surgery*