This study was done to identify the normal and variants of saphenous tributaries in Korean adults. The pattern of confluence of saphenous tributaries, medial accessory saphenous, lateral accessory saphenous, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac and superficial external pudendal veins, was carefully examined in 249 lower limbs (right, 129; left, 120) of embalmed Korean cadavers (73 males and 56 females). The medial accessory saphenous vein drained into the great saphenous vein directly (in 82.3%) or by a common trunk (in 17.7%) with the superficial epigastric or superficial external pudendal vein. The lateral accessory saphenous vein entered the great saphenous (in 67.1%) or the femoral vein (in 32.9%) directly or, forming a common trunk with other saphenous tributaries. The superficial epigastric vein joined the great saphenous (in 77.1%) or the femoral vein (in 22.9%) directly or, by a common trunk with other saphenous tributaries. The superficial circumflex iliac vein reached the great saphenous (in 83.1%) or the femoral vein (in 16.9%) directly or, by a common trunk with other saphenous tributaries. The superficial external pudendal vein opened into the great saphenous (in 95.2%) or the femoral vein (in 4.8%) directly or by a common trunk with other saphenous tributaries. In Koreans, the incidence of the normal pattern of saphenous tributaries was 23.7% and in 76.3% any one of variant saphenous tributaries entered the femoral or the great saphenous vein by a common trunk with other saphenous tributaries.
Adult ; Cadaver ; Femoral Vein/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Iliac Vein/*anatomy & histology ; Korea ; Saphenous Vein/*anatomy & histology ; Thigh/*blood supply

OBJECTIVETo explore the changes in lower limb deep vein diameters, blood flow velocity and blood biochemistry in full-term pregnant women for early diagnosis and treatment of prothrombotic state.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-eight full-term pregnant women at high risk of thrombosis (Group A), 61 healthy full-term pregnant women (Group B), and 42 healthy non-pregnant women (Group C) underwent high-resolution color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) for examining the deep veins of the lower limbs. The hematological indexes such as D-D, PLT, HGB, HCT, TT, APTT, PT, and FbgC were also observed in these 3 groups.

RESULTSCompared to Group B, the women in group A showed significantly increased diameters of the common femoral veins (CFV) and left superficial femoral vein (SFV), HCT and DD, but with significantly decreased peak blood flow in the bilateral popliteal veins (POPV) (P<0.01) and increased left POPV diameter (P=0.034). Compared to those in group C, the diameters of the bilateral CFVs, SFVs, POPV, and posterior tibial veins (PTVs) were significantly increased, but the peak blood flow in the bilateral CFVs and POPVs were significantly reduced in groups A and B; the PLT, HGB, HCT, DD, TT, APTT, PT, and FbgC also showed significant changes in groups A and B (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe full-term pregnant women are at higher risk of prothrombotic state than non-pregnant women, and the full-term pregnant women with the high risk factors for thrombosis are more likely to have prothrombotic state than healthy full-term pregnant women. CDU examination of the lower limb deep veins can be of value in the diagnosis of prothrombotic state.

Adult ; Anthropometry ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Female ; Femoral Vein ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Humans ; Leg ; blood supply ; diagnostic imaging ; Popliteal Vein ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Pregnancy ; physiology ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to describe the three-dimensional (3D) anatomic variations of the femoral vein (FV) and popliteal vein (PV) in relation to the accompanying artery using CT venography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 445 bilateral (890 limbs) lower limb CT venograms. After the 3D relationship between the FV and PV and accompanying artery was analyzed, the presence or absence of variation was determined and the observed variations were classified. In each patient, the extent and location of the variations and the location of the adductor hiatus were recorded to investigate the regional frequency of the variations. RESULTS: There were four distinct categories of variations: agenesis (3 limbs, 0.3%), multiplication (isolated in the FV: 190 limbs, 21%; isolated in the PV: 14 limbs, 2%; and in both the FV and PV: 51 limbs, 6%), anatomical course variation (75 limbs, 8%) and high union of the tibial veins (737 limbs, 83%). The course variations included medial malposition (60 limbs, 7%), anterior rotation (11 limbs, 1%) and posterior rotation (4 limbs, 0.4%). Mapping the individual variations revealed regional differences in the pattern and frequency of the variations. CONCLUSION: CT venography helps to confirm a high incidence of variations in the lower limb venous anatomy and it also revealed various positional venous anomalies in relation to the respective artery.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Contrast Media/diagnostic use ; Female ; Femoral Vein/anatomy & histology/*radiography ; Humans ; *Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Iohexol/analogs & derivatives/diagnostic use ; Leg/*blood supply ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phlebography/*methods ; Popliteal Vein/anatomy & histology/*radiography ; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods