BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent condition affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by metabolic, endocrine, and reproductive disturbances including insulin resistance, abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and hyperandrogenism, and is associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The etiology of PCOS is unclear and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) present in everyday products may play a role by disrupting hormonal pathways. OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between exposure to EDC-containing products, sociodemographic factors, and PCOS diagnosis among nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey assessed the frequency of EDC exposure in homes and workplaces. The Rotterdam Criteria were used for the diagnosis of PCO features with clinical history and ultrasound. The association between PCOS and EDC exposure was determined using Chi-square and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The study identified significant sociodemographic factors associated with PCOS (P < 0.001) including age, civil status, and household income. Increased likelihood of PCOS was linked to frequent use of scented candles (odds ratio [OR] = 2.07), cleaning sprays (OR = 2.28), and floor polish (OR = 2.07), exposure to new upholstered furniture (OR = 4.00), thermal receipts (OR = 2.16), and consumption of microwaved and processed foods (OR = 2.60), as well as water sourced from wells (OR = 7.69). Additional associations were found with access to public markets (OR = 0.26) and the use of paper food wrappers (OR = 1.72). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that frequent exposure to EDC-containing products and certain sociodemographic factors may contribute to the development of PCOS among women of reproductive age. Results underscore the importance of reducing exposure to EDCs to prevent or mitigate the development of PCOS and other reproductive consequences.
Female

This paper will focus only on the recommendations or guidelines on the evaluation for female infertility. Most of the recommendations were based on the Fertility Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems Guideline by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
Human ; Female ; INFERTILITY, FEMALE

No abstract available.
Female ; Female* ; Genitalia, Female* ; Humans ; Incidence*

No abstract available.
Dysmenorrhea* ; Female

A human embryo obtained incidentally from a hysterectomy specimen of a 36 year old woman who was operated for chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, was serially sectioned and reconstructed with 104 section slides. This embryo was characterized by a thick corneal body with well developed Descemet's endothelium, the optic nerve having vascular canal, the cochlear turning a little more than one time, the hypophysis with threadlike stalk, the vomeronasal organ having intermediate long narrow canal, the submandibular gland with deep lumen, the kidney with short secretory tubules and few large glomeruli and a well formed osseous band in the cartilage and bone. From above findings, it was concluded that this embryo belongs to the age group XXIII of Streeter's developmental horizon.
Female ; Humans

No abstract available.
Endometriosis* ; Female

No abstract available.
Female* ; Humans

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliacea) has been known for thousands of years in the Far East as a remedy effective against a multitude of ailments. Pharmacological investigations have shown that the basic effect in ginseng action is its capacity to increase nonspecific resistance of the organism to various untoward influences. Ginseng saponin has been considered the active principle for ginsengs most therapeutic properties. Recently, the use of cream and soap with ginseng extract has been gradually increasing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Panax ginseng to Candida albicans in vitro. During this experiment ginseng saponin and powder of Panax ginseng root were diluted serially in Sabouraud's dextrose agar, and candidial suspensions of isolated strains from candidial intertrigo and female genitalia were inoculated into each medium containing different concentrations of test materials. Then their growth was observed for weeks at 25'C. After that we measured the size of colonies grown in various concentrations and eompared them with those of the Sabourauds dextrose media. For the complementary study Candida albicans strain isolated from vagina were plated on both Sabouraud's dextrose media and 80 mg/cc ginseng root powder. Microscopic examination, germ tube test and sugar fermentation test were then performed to compare the production of budding cells, the growth of pseudo-hyphae and the characteristics of the yeast on each media. Results from this study show that ginseng saponin and roots of Panax ginseng have no significant effect on growth and multiplication and the characteristics of Candida albicans in vitro.
Female ; Humans

Orbital mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, first described by Luis et. al in 1971, is a very rare tumor of characteristic histologic features. A 21-year-woman was admitted with a 4-month histoiry of rapidly progressive proptosis and visual disturbance. Right orbital exenteration was performed under the clinical diagnosis of orbital calcifying tumor. Grossly, the tumor presented as a multibloblated, circumscribed mass that measures 5.5 cm in the greatest dimentsion. Cut sections resembled ordinary chonrosarcoma. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, interspersed nodules of well differentated cartilagenous tissue, areas of gradual transition from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to cartilage, and hemangiopericytoma-like areas. A brief summary of the histopathological aspect of this tumor and a review of literature are presented.
Female ; Humans

The pathologic features of acute corrosive esophago-gastritis by ingestion of "Trapunc", a common commercial drain cleansing liquid, is presented. A 37-year-old woman ingested abut 30 ml of Trapunc (3 gm NaOH/100 ml) to commit suicide and received piecemeal esophagectomy and total gastrectomy 9 days after the episode. The esophagus and stomach were extremely friable and necrotic. The most part of the stomach showed acute toxic necrotizing gastritis which was manifested by extensive greenish brown discoloration due to liquefaction necrosis of the mucosa except for a few rugae along the greater curvature. The antrum and distal body revealed severe mucosal detachment and even transmural necrosis. The tissue reaction was basically the same as those of NaOH-induced corrosive esophago-gastritis of acute stage, although it appeared to be severer probably due to sodium hypochlorite, and additive constituent of the ingested cleanser. A unique distribution pattenr of mucosal involvement is discussed.
Female ; Humans