30 patients (male:26) with average ages of 61+/- 8.5 and primary hypertension grade I-II were consulted and tested who used plendyl at a initial dose of 5 mg daily, within 4 weeks. The use of plendyl has demonstrated that the drug reduced both diastolic and systolic blood pressure.
Hypertension ; Blood Pressure ; Felodipine ; Therapeutics

Depression is a relatively common agonizing psychiatric disorder that affects the way we feel and think about ourselves and the world around us. Cognitive theories of depression have long posited that various cognitive biases are involved in the development and recurrence of depression. However, the current cognitive theory of depression has been reformulated and expanded from the previous cognitive model of depression based on the results from pharmacological, neuroimaging and neurocognitive studies. This review summarizes the evidence for cognitive dysfunctions in depression and the related pharmacological, neuroanatomical and genetic aspects which aim to integrate our knowledge about the cognitive aspects of depression and its treatment. The newly formulated cognitive theory of depression provides directions for future investigation to identify people at risk, to minimize recurrence, and to maximize long-term beneficial outcomes for those suffering from depression.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cognition* ; Depression* ; Felodipine ; Neuroimaging ; Recurrence

This tutorial explains the basic principles of mechanistic ligand-receptor interaction model, which is an operational model of agonism. A growing number of agonist drugs, especially immune oncology drugs, is currently being developed. In this tutorial, time-dependent ordinary differential equation for simple E(max) operational model of agonism was derived step by step. The differential equation could be applied in a pharmacodynamic modeling software, such as NONMEM, for use in non-steady state experiments, in which experimental data are generated while the interaction between ligand and receptor changes over time. Making the most of the non-steady state experimental data would simplify the experimental processes, and furthermore allow us to identify more detailed kinetics of a potential drug. The operational model of agonism could be useful to predict the optimal dose for agonistic drugs from in vitro and in vivo animal pharmacology experiments at the very early phase of drug development.
Animals ; Felodipine ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Pharmacology

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) along with post-operative syndrome in the lumbar spine shows confusing and duplicated symptoms, and this makes it difficult to make a clear differential diagnosis. Therefore, the patient with post-operative syndrome in the lumbar spine suffers losses of time and money, and the surgeon who diagnoses and treats post-operative syndrome in the lumbar spine also agonize from the patient's losses. It is necessary to provide these patients with a multidisciplinary approach to their disease and symptoms. We diagnosed herniation of an intervertebral disc of the lumbar spine (L4/5) and we performed discetomy twice in different hospitals. However, the symptoms did not improve, so we re-operated and performed discetomy along with monosegmental fixation using pedicular screws and interbody cages. There was improvement of pre-operation symptoms, but neurogenic symptoms occurred and then progressed after the surgery. Therefore, we report here on the case of CRPS that was diagnosed with the exclusion of the causes of post-operative syndrome in the lumbar spine, and the patient was finally effectively treated with spinal cord stimulation. Although differentiating post-operative syndrome in the lumbar spine from CRPS is difficult, we recommend suspecting CRPS as the cause of post-operative syndrome in the lumbar spine and taking CRPS as the main interest in order to diagnose and treat CRPS more effectively and accurately.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Felodipine ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Spinal Cord Stimulation ; Spine

Sexual dysfunction is a common side effect in patients treated with antipsychotics but significant differences exist across different compounds. We report hypersexuality symptoms in two female patients with schizophrenia who were receiving treatment with aripiprazole. The patients experienced more frequent sexual desire and greater sexual preoccupation after taking aripiprazole. We discuss the potential neuro-chemical mechanisms for this and argue that aripiprazole's unique pharmacological profile, partial agonism with high affinity at dopamine D2-receptor, may have contributed to the development of these symptoms.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Dopamine ; Felodipine ; Female ; Humans ; Piperazines ; Quinolones ; Schizophrenia ; Aripiprazole

BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy has been accepted as the mainstay in treating periunugal and palmoplantar warts. The major drawback of cryotherapy is the requirement of several unbearably painful treatment sessions. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the efficacy of immunotherapy in viral wart treatment, as an adjunctive method to cryotherapy. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed on 124 patients visiting the hospital from January to December 2009 for the treatment of periungual and plantar warts. We analyzed the number of cryotherapy sessions necessary for treating warts and assessed the clinical benefits from the addition of other treatment modalities, by adjusting the various confounding factors. RESULTS: Of the 124 investigated patients, immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) was performed in 14 patients (11%), together with cryotherapy. After adjusting the factors related to the therapeutic difficulties of wart, the average number of cryotherapy sessions for the immunotherapy-combined group was significantly lower (3.58+/-1.25) than that for the cryotherapy only group (5.10+/-0.44) (p=0.026). However, there were no differences in the number of treatment sessions of cryotherapy when topical 5-FU/salicylic acid agents were added to the treatment. CONCLUSION: Immunotherapy may be a successful adjuvant to cryotherapy in reducing the number of agonizing cryotherapy sessions.
Cryotherapy ; Cyclopropanes ; Felodipine ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Warts

Thirteen patients with contracted bladder due to tuberculosis who underwent surgical intervention were evaluated The most common agonizing symptom was frequency. Surgical management included augmentation cystoplasty in 8 patients and urinary diversion in 5 patients. In augmentation cystoplasty, the overall success rate of 87.5 % has been achieved in view of relief of symptom, improvement of bladder capacity and preservation of renal function. For the success of augmentation cystoplasty, creatinine clearance higher than 30 ml/min., no abnormality in selected intestinal segment, absence of uninhibited detrusor contraction or detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergia and no bladder outlet obstruction are inevitable. As an alternative, urinary diversion should be considered only in cases of severely deteriorated renal function, severely decreased bladder capacity, bladder outlet obstruction, neurogenic bladder and inapplicability of augmentation cystoplasty.
Creatinine ; Felodipine ; Humans ; Tuberculosis* ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; Urinary Diversion

PURPOSE: This study is designed to evaluate the current situation of interhospital transports of critical ill patients requiring emergency care. METHODS: Using a clinical prospective 162 interhospital transports of ill patients by ambulance were evaluated in 2 hospitals. Patients were divided into severe & mild to moderate group by modified-ESI. We evaluated the state of patients, vital sign, monitoring of patient's state, hospitalization or transportation. Data were collected by mean of comprehensive form filled by a physician at the receiving hospital. RESULTS: The receiving hospital were notified prior to the transport in 57.4%. Pretransport information about the patients were adequate in 75% and no data in 9.9%. In 10.4% of the transports, the patients arrived at the receiving hospital in an agonized state. In 80.8% of the transports admitted and 7.4% of the patients were transfer to the other hospital. CONCLUSION: It appears that there are no established guidelines for the emergency transport of critical ill patients in Korea.
Ambulances ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Services ; Felodipine ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Korea ; Patient Transfer ; Prospective Studies ; Transportation ; Vital Signs

The selective melatonin receptor agonism effect of ramelteon is useful for insomnia. Here we wanted to present a refractory chronic migraine case, who had significant improvements in migraine after using ramelteon. The possible mechanism for the ramelteon in the migraine relief might be related to melatonin effects.
Felodipine ; Melatonin ; Migraine Disorders* ; Receptors, Melatonin ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sleep Wake Disorders

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of cell-surface proteins that play critical roles in regulating a variety of pathophysiological processes and thus are targeted by almost a third of currently available therapeutics. It was originally thought that GPCRs convert extracellular stimuli into intracellular signals through activating G proteins, whereas β-arrestins have important roles in internalization and desensitization of the receptor. Over the past decade, several novel functional aspects of β-arrestins in regulating GPCR signaling have been discovered. These previously unanticipated roles of β-arrestins to act as signal transducers and mediators of G protein-independent signaling have led to the concept of biased agonism. Biased GPCR ligands are able to engage with their target receptors in a manner that preferentially activates only G protein- or β-arrestin-mediated downstream signaling. This offers the potential for next generation drugs with high selectivity to therapeutically relevant GPCR signaling pathways. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent studies highlighting G protein- or β-arrestin-biased GPCR signaling and the effects of biased ligands on disease pathogenesis and regulation.
Bias (Epidemiology)* ; Felodipine ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Humans ; Ligands ; Pathology* ; Physiology* ; Transducers