Object To develop the quantitative method of cinnamaldehyde in Mahuang Decoction (MHD) by GC-MS and study the influence of various combinations of MHD on the contents of cinnamaldehyde in the decoctions. Methods By L_8(2~7) orthogonal design and statistic analysis (SPSS 10.0), eight decoctions with Ramulus Cinnamomi were prepared and analyzed. Contents of cinnamaldehyde were determined by GC-MS. The pH value of decoctions was determined by pH meter. Results For Herba Ephedrae and Semen Armeniacae Amarum, the influences on the contents of cinnamaldehyde were significant (P0.05). The change of pH value not obvious. Conclusion The content of cinnamaldehyde is only reduced significantly by Herba Ephedrae and Semen Armeniacae Amarum. But it is insignificant for Radix Glycyrrhizae and its combinations.

Objective To develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the determination of ephedrine (E) and pseudoephdrine (PE) and to study the pharmacokinetics features of E and PE in healthy human volunteers. Methods The serum concentrations of E and PE were measured by GC-MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters were computed by using WinNonlin program. Results A good linearity was obtained in E from 5 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL (r2=0.9985) and in PE from 2.5 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL (r2=0.9994). The recoveries were in the range of 107.5 %to 96.2 %and 102.5 %to 93.9 %for E and PE respectively. The interday RSD and intraday RSD of E and PE were both less than 5 %. The E and PE plasma solution were steady within 60 days. Conclusion This GC-MS method is a accurate and reliable method for the determination of E and PE in human plasma.

Objective To explore the risk factors for the prognosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lymphoma (ARL).Methods A total of 32 patients with ARL were enrolled in this study from Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital during August 2011 and July 2014,who were followed up for 2 to 48 months (median 9 months).The risk factors for the prognosis of ARL were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis.Results A total of 32 patients were included,among whom 27 were males and the rest were females,with a mean age of (42.8± 13.5) years (ranging from 4 to 70 years).Regarding the clinical staging at the initial diagnosis,6 cases (18.8 ％) were classified as stage Ⅰ,4 cases (12.5％) stage Ⅱ,5 cases (15.6％) stage Ⅲ,and 17 cases (53.1％) stage Ⅳ.As for international prognostic index (IPI) score,4 cases (12.5％) were in the low risk group (IPI 0-1),5 cases (15.6％) in the low-middle group (IPI 2),8 cases (25.0％) in the middle-high risk group (IPI 3),and 15 cases (46.9 ％) in the high risk group (IPI 4-5).According to the pathological diagnosis,26 cases (81.2％) were B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL),4 cases (12.5％) were T cell NHL,and 2 cases (6.2％) were Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) nodular sclerosis.In total,23 cases (71.9％) had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) before the first hospital visit or within one month after the diagnosis of lymphoma.Sixteen (50.0％) cases received standard chemotherapy regimen formulated by the oncology specialists.A total of 17 patients died,with the mortality rate of 53.1％.By univariate analysis,the prognostic factors included age (OR=0.915,P=0.012),high lactate dehydrogenase (OR=1.006,P=0.021) value at baseline,receiving HAART (OR =12.444,P=0.011),and standard chemotherapy regimen (OR=13.000,P=0.001).By multivariate Logistic regression,receiving standard chemotherapy regimen (OR=0.035,P=0.022) was the only prognostic factor of ARL.Conclusions The mortality of ARL is high and the most common pathological type was NHL.The prognosis could be improved by standard chemotherapy regimen on the basis of HAART.

BACKGROUND:In order to avoid heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used for prevention.
OBJECTIVE:To compare the effect of meloxicam and indomethacin in the prevention of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty.
METHODS:Fifty-one patients who treated in the Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from 2010 to 2011 were col ected. Among the 51 patients, nine patients were treated with bilateral total hip arthroplasty, and al the patients had total hip arthroplasty with the posterior-lateral approach. The patients were divided into the control group and the experimental group according to the drugs used after replacement, and the patients in the two groups were administered with indomethacin sustained-release tablet 25 mg+omeprazole capsule 20 mg or meloxicam tablet 15 mg after replacement.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There were no significant differences in the incidence of heterotopic ossification, pain, modified D’Aubigne and Postel scores after replacement between two groups (P>0.05). But, the gastrointestinal adverse reactions of the experimental group were less than those of the control group. The application of meloxicam only can effectively avoid the heterotopic ossification and release pain. Consequently, we recommend meloxicam as postoperative drug for the prevention of heterotopic ossification and pain remission fol owing total hip arthroplasty.

Objective:To analyze the clinical features of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients complicated with peripulmonary occupational lesions.Methods:Fifty-five AIDS patients with peripulmonary occupational lesions treated in Guangzhou Eighth People′s Hospital from January 2012 to January 2019 were included, and the clinical data of patients were retrospectively analyzed. According to the results of lung biopsy, the patients were divided into Mycobacterium infection group, fungal infection group and tumor group. The clinical characteristics, the proportion of different CD4 + T lymphocyte counts and chest computed tomography (CT) features of the three groups were compared. Chi square test was used for comparison among the three groups, and Bonferroni method was used to correct the test level for pairwise comparison. The significance level was 0.016 7 because of three pairwise comparisons. Results:Among 55 AIDS patients complicated with peripulmonary occupational lesions, pulmonary biopsy showed 14 cases with Mycobacterium infection, 12 cases with fungal infection and 15 cases with tumor lesions. Mixed diseases were found in 11 patients, including seven cases with Mycobacterium and fungus coinfection, four with tumor complicated with fungus and (or) Mycobacterium. Three with chronic interstitial pneumonia. The main clinical manifestations of 55 patients were fever, expectoration, fatigue, weight loss and superficial lymph node enlargement. There were no significant differences in symptoms/signs, white blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels, alanine transaminase and creatinine among Mycobacterium infection group, fungal infection group and tumor group (all P>0.05). There was significant difference in anti-retroviral therapy (ART) acceptance among the three groups ( χ2=15.165, P<0.01). However, the results of pairwise comparison between groups showed that there was significant difference between fungal infection group and tumor group ( χ2=7.514, P<0.016 7), while there was no significant difference between Mycobacterium infection group and tumor group, Mycobacterium infection group and fungal infection group ( χ2=0.255 and 5.306, respectively, both P>0.016 7). There were significant differences in clinical outcomes among the three groups ( χ2=15.119, P<0.01), and the pairwise comparison between the Mycobacterium infection group and the tumor group, and the fungal infection group and the tumor group showed significant differences ( χ2 =10.311 and 9.095, respectively, both P<0.016 7). The cases with CD4 + T lymphocyte count ≤50/μL, 51-<200/μL and ≥200/μL in Mycobacterium infection group were three cases, one case and 10 cases, respectively; those in fungal infection group were 10 cases, two cases and 0 case, respectively, and those in tumor group were one case, two cases and 12 cases, respectively. The difference was statistically significant ( χ2=21.284, P<0.01). Chest CT showed that there was significant difference in the types of space occupying lesions among the three groups ( χ2=13.308, P=0.003), and pairwise comparison between the two groups showed that there was significant difference between the Mycobacterium infection group and the tumor group ( χ2=11.312, P<0.016 7), while there were no significant differences between the Mycobacterium infection group and fungal infection group ( χ2=0.931, P>0.016 7), and the fungal infection group and the tumor group ( χ2=7.053, P>0.016 7). There was significant difference among the three groups in calcification focus ( χ2=8.524, P=0.004), while there was no difference between the Mycobacterium infection group and fungal infection+ tumor group ( χ2=10.982, P<0.016 7). Conclusions:Mycobacterium infection, fungal infection and tumor are the main types of peripulmonary occupational lesions in AIDS patients. The differential diagnosis could be made by combining with chest CT features, ART acceptance and CD4 + T lymphocyte level.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the teaching of Biopharmaceutical Engineering course was carried out online and completed with satisfactory outcomes. In order to improve the efficiency of online teaching, ensure the substantive equivalence between online and offline teaching and achieve effective teaching, this article summarized the exploration and practical experience of online teaching, taking the Biopharmaceutical Engineering course as an example. This includes analysis of learner characteristics, selection of online teaching platform, development of teaching resources, optimization of teaching contents, BOPPPS teaching method-based design of teaching structure, and reflection of effective teaching. This paper is expected to provide a useful reference for online teaching.
Humans ; Biological Products ; Pandemics ; COVID-19

Objective:To identify the risk factors for postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG).Methods:The medical records of patients who underwent elective OPCABG from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020 from the Heart Center of Henan Provincial People′s Hospital, were retrospectively collected.The patient′s gender, age, body mass index, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hyperlipidemia, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history of cerebrovascular disease, history of myocardial infarction, New York Heart Association classification of cardiac function, Killip classification, values of last left ventricular ejection fraction measured by transthoracic echocardiography before operation, glycosylated hemoglobin, glucose and serum creatinine, duration of operation, intraoperative fluid intake and output such as red blood cell infusion, crystal fluid, colloid fluid, autologous blood, blood loss and urine volume, intraoperative hypotension, perioperative maximal blood glucose difference (MGD) and serum creatinine concentrations within 48 h and 7 days were recorded.Postoperative AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria and the patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group according to whether AKI occurred after surgery.Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for AKI after OPCABG.Results:A total of 1 203 patients were included in this study, and the incidence of AKI after OPCABG was 28.1%.Logistic regression analysis showed that body mass index, history of hypertension and perioperative MGD were risk factors for AKI after OPCABG ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Body mass index, history of hypertension and perioperative MGD are risk factors for AKI after OPCABG.

Background Subways are typical congregate settings and may facilitate aerosol transmission of viruses. However, quantified transmission probability estimates are lacking. Purpose To model spread and diffusion of respiratory aerosols in subways by simulation and calculation of infection probabilities. Methods The internal environment of carriages of Shanghai Metro Line 10 was used to establish a study scene. The movement of tiny particles was simulated using the turbulent model. Trend analysis of infection probabilities and viral quantum doses was conducted in a closed subway carriage scene by a quantum emission-infection probability model. Results Under a typical twelve-vent air conditioning configuration, respiratory droplet aerosols within a subway carriage dispersed rapidly throughout various regions due to airflow, with limited short-term diffusion to other carriages. Concurrently, owing to the uncertainty of airflow patterns, the airflow might circulate and converge within carriages, causing delayed outward dispersion or hindered dispersion of droplet aerosols upon entry into these zones. Passengers boarding the carriage could exacerbate the formation of these zones. When the air conditioning system functioned adequately (air exchange rate=23.21 h⁻¹), the probability of a virus carrier transmitting the virus to other passengers within the same carriage via aerosol transmission was approximately 3.8%. However, in the event of air conditioning system failure (air exchange rate=0.5 h⁻¹), this probability escalated dramatically to 30%. Furthermore, a super-spreader (with virus spreading exceeding 90% of the average) elevated the infection probability to 14.9%. Additionally, due to the complexity of turbulence within the carriage, if local diffusion occurred in 1/2 zones of a carriage, the anticipated infection probability would increase to 8.9%, or during the morning or evening rush hours leading to elevated aerosol concentrations, the infection probability would rise to 4.7%. The subway transmission probability for common coronaviruses diminished to as low as 0.9%. Conclusion Combined computational fluid dynamics and infection probability analysis reveals that in the prevalent twelve-vent air conditioning configurations, despite being a major transportation hub with substantial spatial-temporal overlap, the internal space of subway carriages exhibits a certain level of resistance to virus aerosol transmission owing to built-in ventilation capabilities. However, turbulence and passenger positioning may lead to localized hovering of droplet aerosols, thereby increase the risk of virus transmission. Furthermore, super-spreaders, poor operational status of built-in air conditioning system, and high passenger volume at morning or evening peak hours exert profound effects on virus transmission and infection probability.

ObjectiveTo construct an evaluation index system for the development of district-level disease prevention and control centers according to the requirements of the modernization of Shanghai’s disease control system and public health work practices， and to comprehensively assess the construction and development of district-level disease prevention and control institutions. MethodsAccording to the national and municipal requirements for the development of disease prevention and control institutions， an index framework was proposed through literature search and expert interviews. 39 representative experts in the field of public health at the national， provincial， and municipal （district） levels were selected to participate in the consultation and construction of the index system. The authority coefficient， the coefficient of variation， etc. were used to carry out quality control and determination of each index on the Delphi method. ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 100%， the expert authority coefficient was 0.86，the degree of familiarity was 0.79， and the judgment basis was 0.92. The coefficients of variation of the necessary indicators in the index system were all <0.25 in the dimension of importance， and there were statistical differences in the statistical test of Kendall’s W coordination coefficients at all levels and dimensions （all P<0.001）. After multiple rounds of consultation， experts reached a consensus， forming a development evaluation index system of district-level CDCs with 6 first-level indicators， 24 second-level indicators， and 105 third-level indicators （including 63 necessary indicators and 42 recommended indicators）. ConclusionThe evaluation index system of Shanghai district-level CDCs based on the Delphi method has good authority， reliability， sensitivity and operability. This indicator system can effectively support the development of Shanghai district-level CDCs， and can be used for evaluation at multiple levels and in an all-round way in the future. The evaluation results can provide an evidence-based basis for the modernization of the disease prevention and control system and the continuous and dynamic updating of the development goals in the future.