Objective To evaluate efficiencies of 4 kinds of γ‐interferon release assay(IGRA) detection kits in diagnosis of pul‐monary tuberculosis .Methods 4 kinds of IGRA reagents produced by Oxford Immunotec Ltd (Oxford) in British ,Shanghai Fuxing Changzheng Medical Science Co .,Ltd(Fuxing) ,Cellectis in Australia(Cellectis) and Haikou VTI Biological Institute(VTI) ,respec‐tively ,were used to determine release levels of peripheral bloodγ‐interferon which had antigenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 86 cases of patients with tuberculosis and 80 cases of healthy individuals ,and diagnostic efficiencies were evaluated .Results Among the 4 kinds of IGRA reagents ,including Oxford ,Fuxing ,Cellectis and VTI ,the sensitivity was 93 .02% ,88 .37% ,90 .70% and 91 .86% ,respectively ;the specificity was 92 .50% ,75 .00% ,82 .50% and 87 .50% ,respectively ;the positive predictive value was 93 .02% ,79 .17% ,84 .78% and 88 .76% ,respectively ;the negative predictive value was 92 .50% ,85 .71% ,89 .19% and 90 .91% ;the diagnostic accordance rate was 92 .77% ,81 .93% ,86 .75% and 89 .76% ,respectively ;the area under receiver operating charac‐teristic(ROC) curve was 0 .975 ,0 .892 ,0 .958 and 0 .963 .Conclusion There are no significant differences among Oxford ,Fuxing , Cellectis and VTI reagents ,and reagents could be selected according to clinical requirements .

Objective To analyze international research status and research focus of neural stem cells.Methods Using bibliometric analysis,the paper analyzed the international neural stem cells research documents in web of science database by analysis tools such as Thomson Data Analyzer.Research status on neural stem cells was analyzed including the distributions of years,countries,institutions and currently hot topics of international research on neural stem cells were emphatically analyzed.Results Researches on neural stem cells have developed rapidly in the recent 10 years.Main research countries include the America,China,Japan,and European Union etc.The key research topics in the field of international neural stem cells included neural stem cells proliferation,differentiation,gene transcription,gene expression in basic research and research on neural stem cells transplantation therapy including Parkinson' s disease,spinal cord injuries,stroke,Alzheimer disease,Huntington disease etc.Conclusions Neural stem cells research has become a hot topic for international researchers,and inspiriting progress has been made.There are still many issues that need to he further explored.

Objective To investigate the clinical and imaging features of cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy(CARASIL).Methods Clinical data of a Chinese Mongolian patient with CARASIL were analyzed retrospectively and pedigree investigation was carried out in the family.Results The proband's parents were cousin and her brother was a patient with CARASIL too.The patients had onset at 25 and 23 years old,respectively.Clinical manifestations included cerebral stroke,progressive motor and mental deterioration,seizures,alopecia,and ocular fundus arteriosclerosis.No common risk factors of cerebral stroke were found in the family.Brain MRI showed bilateral diffuse cerebral white matter lesion with multiple infarcts and O'Sullivan sign.Cervical vertebral MRI showed multiple protrusion of intervertebral disc and significant retrogression.Conclusions CARASIL is clinically characterized by young-age-onset cerebral stroke,cerebral arteriosclerosis,alopecia,cervical and lumbar spondylopathy.MRI shows multiple cerebral infarcts,leukoencephalopathy and retrogression of intervertebral disc.

Objective The purpose of the study is to understand the epidemiology,distribution and molecular characteristics of oxacillin susceptible mecA positive Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus).Methods Totally 1588 S.aureus isolates collected from 12 hospitals in 10 cities of China between 2010 and 2012 were retrospectively characterized.The isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility test of 20antimicrobial drugs.Three different methods (cefoxitin disc diffusion,agar dilution for oxacillin and cefoxitin) to detect oxacillin susceptible and mecA positive S.aureus were also compared.All the strains were confirmed to be S.aureus by detecting S.aureus specific genes by PCR (including nuc,femB,and mecA gene),which was viewed as the golden standard of MRSA.The molecular typing methods included SCCmec and spa typing.The statistical analyses were carried out in statistical product and service solutions (SPSS),Version 18.0.The significance level P was set at 0.05.Results According to the MICs of cefoxitin and oxacillin,a total of 60 isolates were oxacillin susceptible methicilin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Based on the differences of the specimen collection date,it is found that oxacillin susceptible MRSA have increased from 2010 to 2012 (P =0.05,95％ CI 0.045-0.056,X2 =6.099).These isolates were distributed in 9 major cities,and the highest prevalence is 30.0％ (18/60) in Guangzhou,followed by Beijing (18.3％,11/60),Wuhan (15.0％,9/60),Hangzhou (13.3％,8/60).Most of the isolates were from skin soft tissue infection (35％,21/60),blood stream infection (30％,18/60) and respiratory infection specimens (18.3％,11/60).The resistance rate to cefoxitin,erythromycin,clindamycin and tetracycline was 100％ (60/60),86.7％ (52/60),66.7％ (40/60) and 50％ (30/60),respectively.The molecular characterization showed that 21 spa and 5 SCCmec types were detected.The most predominant clone was spa t437-SCCmec Ⅳ (25.0％,15/60),followed by spa t437-SCCmecV (13.3％,8/60).Conclusions The detection rate of oxacillin susceptible MRSA is significantly higher from 2010 to 2012.The major clone is t437-SCCmec Ⅳ.The use of cefoxitin should replace oxacillin in detecting this type of MRSA.Further study is needed to confirm whether beta lactam antimicrobial agents should be used in the treatment of oxacillin susceptible mecA positive S.aureus.

Objective To investigate the expressions and correlations of Kiss-1 and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP9) proteins in the colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues of patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastasis (SCRLM),and the association with the clinicopathologic factors and prognosis of patients.Methods The retrospective case-control study was adopted.The clinicopathological data of 96 patients with SCRLM and 69 patients with CRC and no metastasis who were admitted to the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of the Second Military Medical University from January 2000 to May 2013 were collected.The 96 CRC tissues and 50 adjacent normal tissues (distance from resection margin ≥ 5 cm) were collected from 96 patients with SCRLM,and 69 CRC tissues were collected from 69 patients with CRC and no metastasis.Expressions of Kiss-1 and MMP9 protein were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).The follow-up of outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect survival of patients till August 2014.Comparison of count data and correlation between expressions of Kiss-1 or MMP9 protein and clinicopathological factors were analyzed by the chi-square test and Fisher exact probability.Survival curve was drawn using the Kaplan-Meier method,and survival analysis was done using the Log-rank test.Correlation analysis was done by the Pearson correlation.Results Expression of Kiss-1 protein was located in the cytoplasm of tissue cells.The positive expression rates of Kiss-1 protein in CRC tissues of patients with SCRLM and with CRC and no metastasis and in adjacent normal tissues were 24.0％ (23/96),43.5％ (30/69) and 52.0％ (26/50),respectively,with a significant difference among the 3 tissues (x2 =14.307,P ＜ 0.05) and no significant difference between CRC tissues of patients with CRC and no metastasis and patients with SCRLM (x2 =0.845,P ＞ 0.05).The positive expression rate of Kiss-1 protein in CRC tissues of patients with SCRLM was significantly different from that in CRC tissues of patients with CRC and no metastasis and in adjacent normal tissues (x2 =0.702,11.594,P ＜ 0.05).Expression of MMP9 protein was located in the cytoplasm of tissue cells.The positive expression rates of MMP9 protein in CRC tissues of patients with SCRLM and with CRC and no metastasis and in adjacent normal tissues were 67.7 ％ (65/96),62.3 ％ (43/69) and 36.0％ (18/50),respectively,with a significant difference among the 3 tissues (x2=14.203,P ＜0.05) and no significant difference between CRC tissues of patients with CRC and no metastasis and patients with SCRLM (x2=8.038,P ＞ 0.05).The positive expression rate of MMP9 protein in CRC tissues of patients with SCRLM was significantly different from that in CRC tissues of patients with CRC and no metastasis and in adjacent normal tissues (x2 =13.475,13.475,P ＜ 0.05).The positive expression rates of Kiss-1 protein in CRC tissues of patients with SCRLM were 66.7％,21.9％ and 17.6％ in the high-,mederate-and low-differentiated tumor,50.0％,28.6％ and 17.5％ in the muscular layer of tumor invasion,outside of serosa and serosal layer,44.0％ and 16.9％ in patients with and without lymph node metastasis,respectively,showing significant differences among the tumor differentiation degree,depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis (x2=6.546,6.172,7.453,P ＜0.05).The positive expression rates of MMP9 protein in CRC tissues of patients with SCRLM were 25.0％,66.7％ and 76.2％ in the muscular layer of tumor invasion,outside of serosa and serosal layer,44.0％ and 76.1％ in patients with and without lymph node metastasis,respectively,showing significant differences between the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis (x2 =12.094,8.690,P ＜ 0.05).All the 96 patients with SCRLM were followed up for a median time of 68 months (range,12-176 months).The median overall survival time,median tumor-free survival time,5-year cumulative survival rate and 5-year tumor-free survival rate were 31 months,26 months,69.6％ and 26.1％ in patients with SCRLM and positive expression of Kiss-1 protein and 26 months,19 months,24.7％ and 12.3％ in patients with SCRLM and negative expression of Kiss-1 protein,respectively,showing significant differences between the overall survival and tumor-free survival (x2=16.578,14.436,P ＜ 0.05).The median overall survival time,median tumor-free survival time,5-year cumulative survival rate and 5-year tumor-free survival rate were 31 months,19 months,24.6％ and 12.3％ in patients with SCRLM and positive expression of MMP9 protein and 28 months,16 months,58.1％ and 22.6％ in patients with SCRLM and negative expression of MMP9 protein,respectively,showing significant differences between the overall survival and tumor-free survival (x2=14.073,8.532,P ＜0.05).Of 96 patients with SCRLM,there were 23 patients with positive expression of Kiss-1 protein (10 with positive expression of MMP9 protein and 13 with negative expression of MMP9 protein) and 73 with negative expression of Kiss-1 protein (55 with positive expression of MMP9 protein and 18 with negative expression of MMP9 protein),with a negative correlation between expressions of Kiss-1 protein and MMP9 protein (r =-0.291,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The reduced expression of Kiss-1 protein and elevated expression of MMP9 protein are closely associated with invasion and metastasis of CRC and prognosis of patients.A combination detection of Kiss-1 and MMP9 proteins is expected to become a marker for predicting the prognosis of patients with SCRLM based on the negative correlation between them.

Objective:To investigate the effect of DNA vaccine expressed Helicobacter pylori(Hp) oipA on protecting against Hp infection.Methods:The ORFs of Hp oipA had been inserted into the eukaryotic expressing vector pVAX1 and SGC-7901 cells had been transfected with recombinant plasmid pVAX1-oipA. The expression of oipA had been detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. After extracted and purified, pVAX1-oipA had been injected into BALB/c mice through muscles of right leg one time each week for three weeks(100 ?g each mouse). pVAX1 blank and normal saline had been used as the control groups. Titer of antibodies had been detected by ELISA two months after the last immunization. Based on the confirmation of immunological response in the pVAX1 groups, mice had been given orogastric challenged with live Hp Sydney strain three times(0.5?108/0.5 ml each mouse). Four weeks after challenge, mice had been sacrificed. Histological change and the colonization of Hp in the gastric mucosa had been detected by urease test, the culture of Hp, and electronic microscopy.Results:SGC-7901 cells transfected with pVAX1-oipA had expressed corresponding production at the level of transcription and translation. Immunized mice had been induced anti-oipA antibodies. After challenged with bacterium, as contrast to immunized mice groups injected with pVAX1-oipA, pVAX1 blank, normal saline, the positive rate of urease test of gastric mucosa was 0(0/10), 90%(9/10), 100%(5/5)respectively,the positive rate of cultures of Hp was 20%(2/10), 90%(9/10), 100%(5/5)respectively. Histological findings: the different degree of erosion had been observed in control group, but 80%(8/10)of gastric mucosa were normal in immunized mice.Conclusion:oipA DNA could induce effective immune response in protection against Hp infection.

Objective To study the dose-dependent effect of sodium arsenite on the expression of p53 gene in human embryonic lung fibroblasts(HELF)in vitro.Methods The human embryonic lung fibroblasts were divided into four groups in vitro based on completely randomized design.The expression of p53 mRNA was detected by real-time PCR and the expression of p53 protein was detected by immunohistochemical SAB,respectively,in human embryonic lung fibroblasts which were exposed to different doses(0,3,9 and 15?mol/L)of sodium arsenite for 24 hours.The one-way analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons were performed for testing the differences among groups and the linear correlation was for testing correlation between doses and the expression of p53 gene.Results Compared with that of exposure to 0?mol/L sodium arsenite,the expression of p53 mRNA in HELF was increased significantly(P0.05).The p53 mRNA expression was increased in dose-dependent manner with the increased concentration of sodium arsenite(r=0.947,P

Objective This article analyzed the characteristics of the health service in medium cities and the impact on community health service.Methods Summary and statistical analysis of the outcomes from the Fourth National Health Service Survey by the category of metropolitans,sub-provincial cities and provincial capital cities,and non-provincial-capital cities.Results In the medium cities,the geographical accessibility is high against low economic and technology accessibility.These cities have lower 2-week morbiditv rate but high children morbidity rate.These cities also feature high self-rated health status among residents and high health risk factors prevalence at the sarne time.Conclusion Medium cities are recommended to further build their CHS system,enhance their ties with larger cities,so as to elevate their technical competence,for meeting such public health needs of the people in infectious disease control,health promotion and vulnerable population healthcare.

Objective To analyze the molecular epidemiology and resistant mechanisms ofmacrolide-nonsusceptible Moraxella catarrhalis.Methods A total of 383 strains of Moraxella camrrhaliswere collected from nasopharynx of children under 2 years old.The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC)values were determined by Etest method,and the production of β-lactamase was examined by using anitrocefin-based test.The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method was used to analyze the type ofdifferent isolates.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were performed for the resistancemechanism of macrolide resistance in Moraxella catarrhalis.The non-susceptibility rates of six cities( Beijing,Shanghai,Jinan,Nanjing,Wuhan and Dongguan) were compared byx2 test.ResultsAccording to Clinicaland Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints,the non-susceptibility rates for erythromycin andazithromycin in 383 strdns of Moraxella catarrhalis were 40％ and 23％,respectively.Whereas,the non-susceptibility rates were 59％and 60％based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics(PK/PD)breakpoints.Significant differences in non-susceptibility rates to macrolide were observed in different cities,and the higher non-susceptibility rates were determined in relatively northern cities,such as Beijing andJinan.Among the 383 strains of Moraxella catarrhalis,92％ (353/383) of isolates produced β-lactamase.Atotal of 14 patterns of groups were generated by PFGE in 37 high-level macrolide resistant Moraxella catarrhalis,and 43％ ( 16/37 ) of isolates could be considered to be related or indistinguishable to group A.In this study,the ermA,ermB,mefA,and merE genes were not detected,while the A2982T,A2796T,A2983T mutations in 23S rRNA gene may be related to macrolide resistance in Moraxella catarrhalis.The A2982T and A2796T mutations conferred high-level macrolide resistance,while the A2983T mutation conferred low-level resistance.ConclusionsA large number of macrolide-nonsusceptible Moraxella catarrhalis isolates are detected in the study.The macrolide resistance is probably related to the mutations in 23S rRNA gene,and the relationship between MIC values of macrolide and mutations has been determined.

Objective To investigate the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Yanbian area .Methods From March 2011 to June 2012 ,a total of 101 consecutive and non-duplicate strains of Staphylococcus aureus were collected from Yanbian Hospital .Genotypes of SCCmec ,spa,and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were determined by PCR combined with DNA sequencing analysis .The pvl gene was detected by PCR .Results The most prevalent SCCmec type was type II (65 .0% ,39/60) ,followed by SCCmec type III (26 .7% ,16/60) .A total of 11 Spa types were identified for the MRSA strains ,including t2460 (55 .0% ,33/60) ,t030 (18 .3% ,11/60) ,t002 ,t324 ,and t632 (5 .0% ,3/60 each) .A total of 29 Spa types were identified for MSSA strains ,including t796 (14 .6% ,6/41) ,t309 (9 .8% ,4/41) ,and t126 (7 .3% ,3/41) . The pvl gene was identified in 5 stains .MRSA strains were classified into three types based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) ,namely ST5 ,ST239 and ST72 .MLST-based MSSA types were more diverse ,including ST5 ,ST 25 ,ST 15 ,ST 59 ,ST 1 ,ST 7 ,ST 45 ,ST 22 ,and ST 188 .Conclusions ST5-MRSA-SCCmecII-t2460 and ST239-MRSA-SCCmecIII-t030 are the most prevalent MRSA clones in Yanbian area .Multiple prevalent MSSA clones are identified.