Objective To explore high concentrations of urea-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cell line( HBMECs) to produce inflammatory cytokines and possible mechanism .Methods HBMECs were incubated in high concentrations of urea or mannitol ( as osmotic control ) for 3,6,12 and 24 hours.Expression of TNF-αand iNOS was observed by immunofluorescence .Western blot analysis was employed to assess the protein expressions of TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB/P65 and p-P65.NO concentration was determined by a commercial NO assay kit . Results Immunofluorescence showed high positive immunostaining of TNF-αand iNOS after incubation in high concentration of urea stimulued as compared with control group .The protein expressions of TNF-α, COX-2 and p-P65 were significantly increased at 3 and 6 hours after high urea treatment (P<0.01), and iNOS was continued to increase from 3 to 24 hours ( P<0.01 ) .Moreover , NO content was increased at 3 hours after high urea treatment ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusions High concentration of urea can induce HBMECs to produce inflammatory cytokines .

AIM　To study the protective effects of trigonella foenum graecum(TFGs) on acute cerebral ischemia. METHODS　Acute incomplete ischemia was induced by ligaturing bilateral carotid arterise and cutting heads in mice, the survival time and asthmatic time were observed; the coagulation timewas measured by sheet glass method,and the blood viscosity was also assayed; the platelet aggregation induced by collagen were studied by turbdimetry in vitro. RESULTS　TFGs prolonged survival time, coagulation time and asthmatic time significantly and inhibited platelet aggregation ratio in rabbit,and decreased the blood viscosity. CONCLUSION　TFGs has the protective effects on acute cerebral ischemia.

S AIM To study the protective effects of trigonella foenum graecum(TFGs) on acute cerebral ischemia. METHODS Acute incomplete ischemia was induced by ligaturing bilateral carotid arterise and cutting heads in mice, the survival time and asthmatic time were observed; the coagulation time was measured by sheet glass method,and the blood viscosity was also assayed; the platelet aggregation induced by collagen were studied by turbdimetry in vitro . RESULTS TFGs prolonged survival time, coagulation time and asthmatic time significantly and inhibited platelet aggregation ratio in rabbit,and decreased the blood viscosity. CONCLUSION TFGs has the protective effects on acute cerebral ischemia.

Objective To quantitatively analyze the early warning value of laboratory indexes for death risk in children with criti ‐cal hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) .Methods The univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were conducted to explore the independent risk factors of death in critical HFMD children .Then the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was applied to give the comprehensive assessment of the test model ,as well as the early warning capacity and the optimal cut‐off level of laboratory indexes in critical HFMD children .Results The AUC of the Logistic regression model (Y ) established based on white blood cell ,neutrophil ,myoglobin ,creatinine for early predicting the death risk in critical HFMD children patients was 0 .847 (95% CI :0 .783 - 0 .911) ,which indicating that its diagnostic value was superior to single index .Conclusion The diag‐nostic value of the Y model established based on four indexes of white blood cell count ,neutrophile granulocytes count ,myohemo‐globin and creatinine is superior to any single index ,which has the better early warning value for the death risk in children with crit‐ical HFMD .

It is extremely necessary and important for colleges or universities to transform the education concepts that barricade students' initiative and creativity, especially the one that takes fi-nal examinations as sole standard to evaluate teaching and learning effects. In order to display and cultivate students' study ability more comprehensively, we manage to establish a set of formative eval-uation system for regional anatomy course , which involves tests and examinations and evaluations throughout the whole teaching and learning process. It solves the long-lasting problem that examina-tions are final purposes of teaching and learning, and thus, teaching values not only results but also learning process, which directs students' attention to conventional studies and helps develop good study habits, greatly reducing the randomness of final academic performances. The diverse assessment methods, along with accumulated assessment results, can improve students' learning effects through-out the whole semester. The fundamental purpose of this system is to inspire students' passion for study and creativity and monitor the teaching process.

Objective To explore the effect of aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy(ALA-PDT) on alloreactived peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs).Methods Human PBMCs from different healthy donor were collected and mixed in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture(MLC) for 5 days. The cells were harvested and aminolevulinic acid(ALA) were added into ALA group and ALA+Light group with ultimate concentrations of 0.5 mmol/L,1.0 mmol/L,1.5 mmol/L,2.0 mmol/L and 2.5 mmol/L.After cultured for 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours respectively in 37 ℃ 5% carbon dioxide incubator,Light group and ALA+Light group were irradiated by light of 410 nm wavelength for 1 hour.The MLC cells were treated with the former stimulator cells for 48 hours.The survival of stimulator cells were detected using MTT colorimetric assay and the kill rates of treated cells were calculated.Results The kill rate of ALA+Light group on stimulators was apparently lower than those of Light group, ALA group and control group, (33.0?26.5)% vs (87.1?2.2)%,(89.2?2.5)%,(90.3?1.9)%(All P

This study aimed to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect and mechanisms of compound reserpine and triamterene tablets (CRTTs) and its component triamterene on isolated rat thoracic aorta rings. Isolated rat thoracic aorta rings pre-contracted by high potassium or norepinephrine (NE) were used to evaluate the vasodilatory effect of CRTTs and its component triamterene. The mechanisms concerning endothelium, potassium channels and calcium channels were studied through the interventions of several tool drugs. Animal welfare and experimental procedures followed the requirements of the Laboratory Animal Management and Animal Welfare Ethics Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. The results showed that both CRTTs and triamterene had potent relaxant effect on KCl and NE pre-contracted vessels. Triamterene showed partial endothelium dependency, and N-nitro-L-argininemethyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) could influence the relaxant effect, which may be related to the opening of calcium-activated potassium channels. Meanwhile, CRTTs could inhibit intracellular Ca²⁺ release and extracellular Ca²⁺ influx. Overall, CRTTs and its component triamterene have vasorelaxant effects on vessels in vitro, and the vasorelaxant effect of CRTTs may be related to intracellular Ca²⁺ release and extracellular Ca²⁺ influx, while this effect of triamterene may depend on vascular endothelial function and may also be related to the opening of calcium-activated potassium channels.

OBJECTIVEThis study investigated the hypothesis that 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) might alleviate acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogenic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) in mice.

METHODSAcute GVHD model following allo-BMT was established in 40 recipient BALB/C mice. Fifty C57BL/6J mice were used as donors and another 10 BALB/C mice as blank control without any intervention. Recipients received a lethal dose of 8.5 Gy (60)Co radiation for 10 minutes before transplantation and then were randomly divided into four groups of 10 mice (A-D). Group A was injected with normal saline injection and served as controls. Group B received pure donor bone marrow and spleen cell infusion. Group C received donor bone marrow and mixed donor-recipient spleen cell infusion. Group D was administered with an infusion of donor bone marrow cells and mixed donor-recipient spleen cells treated with ALA-PDT. The 28th day survival rate, incidence of acute GVHD and hematological and pathological changes after transplantation were examined.

RESULTSAll the mice from the Blank control group survived. The survival rates for Groups A-D on the 28th day were 0, 0, 10% and 60% respectively. Group D showed a significantly higher survival rate than the other three groups (P < 0.01). Most of the mice in Groups B and C developed GVHD but only two developed in Group D. Moreover Group D had less severe hematological and pathological changes when compared with Groups B and C.

CONCLUSIONSALA-PDT significantly alleviated GVHD and increased the 28th day survival rate for allo-BMT mice. ALA-PDT may be a promising therapy for GVHD following allo-BMT. Future studies should focus on the underlying mechanism of its therapeutic effect.

Aminolevulinic Acid ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; adverse effects ; mortality ; Female ; Graft vs Host Disease ; drug therapy ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Photochemotherapy ; Transplantation, Homologous

The longitudinal study sought to examine the dynamic development of cognitive skills for reading among elementary-level students in Mainland China.Two groups of students in first (n=164,mean age=6.65 years at first test) and second grade (n=202,mean age=7.73 years at first test) were followed on orthographic awareness,morphological awareness and rapid automatized naming (RAN) for two years.The children exhibited significant improvement in orthographic awareness,morphological awareness and RAN from grades 1 to 4.More importantly,to the orthographic and morphological awareness,while the children took a leap from grade 1 to 2 and grade 3 to 4,the progress developed at relatively slow rates from grade 2 to 3.In order to assure children's development of orthographic and morphological awareness,evidence-based orthographically and morphologically enhanced instruction is needed for Chinese children in the early elementary years,especially for those at the stage from grade 2 to 3.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the marrow edema and general clinical index,quadriceps muscle area,and the meniscus grade of knee osteoarthritis(OA).Methods 72 patients were collected with knee OA in our hospital, underwent X-ray and routine MRI examination of knee, and the same X-ray and MRI were reviewed at 12 months later in different time point.The K-L grading, bone marrow edema score, meniscal grading and VAS score of each knee joint were evaluated.The t-test and Rank-sum test were used to compare the two groups of general data, Spearman was used to perform bivariate correlation analysis.Results The age and VAS score of bone marrow edema group at the initial follow-up were significantly lower than those without edema group(P<0.05),the degree of marrow edema was moderately correlated with age and VAS score, and was not significantly correlated with other indexes.12 months later, BMI and the area of quadriceps femoris in the group with marrow edema were different from those in the group without bone marrow edema(P<0.05), the degree of marrow edema was moderately correlated with age, quadriceps area and VAS.Conclusion The range of marrow edema was related to age, quadriceps area, BMI index and VAS score in MRI.The MRI measurement could reflect the progression of knee OA more than that of X-ray.It also revealed some factors related to the progression of knee OA.