Objective To analyze the effectiveness of doctor-patient communication course on improvement of doctor-patient communication ability.Methods Totally 360 eight-year program medical students of clinical medicine from Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine were chosen as the research object and were divided into educational group(n＝l80) and control group(n＝180).Students in educational group study doctor-patient communication course while those in control group do not.SEGUE Framework was used to conduct exploratory research between educational group and control group.Accuracy of questionnaire database was examined by Excel software and logical test.KoImogorov-Smimov(K-S test) was applied to analyze the scores and (x ± s) was used to express the data through SPSS 16.0 statistical software.Comparison between group differences are statistically significant(P＜0.05).Results Overall score was higher in educational group than in control group.Concerning of communication initiation,infomation collection and understanding of patients,scores of educational group were significantly higher than those of control group(P=0.001,P=0.002 and P=0.007,respec-tively).Furthermnore,KoInogorov-Smimov(K-S test) and (x ± s) statistical results showed that scores of detailed items were higher in educational group than in control group as well.Conclusions Doctor-patient communication course is of great importance to help medical students practice physician-patient communication based on related knowledge learning,but course content setting remains to be further improved.

AIM:To reveal the characteristics and patterns of mental activity in the cerebral cortex of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and explore the pathogenetic characteristics of ADHD.METHODS: The ADHD patients were asked to record their mental activity, general health condition and obsessions before the onset of pathological symptoms by means of psychological introspective reports.RESULTS: The direct cause of attention distraction and failure of attention focus is the patients' inability to perform cognitive tasks (including perception, memory and recollection, imagination, association and thought)in a continuously ongoing manner in relaxation. The frequent stagnancy and pause during the course of recognition precipitated the patients in a stressful state, which contributed to the onset of various hyperactivities and also resulted in the acquisition of "silent verbal thinking". This is an important psychopathological phenomenon long been neglected. All theses abnormalities caused the patients much discomfort, which was naturally relieved by means of impulsive and irritable behaviors.CONCLUSION: A series of clinical symptoms of ADHD arises from the same pathogenic factor of difficulty in mental activity and inability to carry out the activities in the cerebral cortex in a relaxed manner. The difficulty in mental activity is the key problem of ADHD and the source of various synptoms, which should be ;reated for the first place. The cause of this key problem is possibly lowered metabolism of the cerebral cortex, and the effect of "instinct" can not be neglected in the attempt to explain the pathogenesis of ADHD.

To analyze the reasons of injuries during surgical practices and explore the hazards and the corresponding preventive measures. The surgical interns don't receive enough training of injury prevention. They don't pay enough attention to the occupational prevention and are not skilled in operation, which causes high rate of sharp edged instrument injuries. Therefore, a perfect plan of education, training and treatment must be made to reduce the occupational injuries and blood sourced diseases.

Objective To investigate and analyze the health care seeking behavior,financial burden and relative factors of patients with rheumatic diseases in Fujian Province.Methods Patients diagnosed with rheumatic diseases were investigated in Fujian Provincial Hospital from December 2013 to February 2014,including demographic data,health care seeking behavior and financial burden.Relevant factors were analyzed by Logistic regression.Results ① In this study,474 patients were enrolled.The ratio of male to female was 1∶2.38.② At the onset of symptoms,51.9％(246 cases) of patients visited a doctor as soon as possible,and 36.1％(171 cases) of them went to hospital within a month after disease onset.③ 74.1％(351 cases) of patients could adhere to medication regimen prescribed by doctors,and the most common reason for stopping medication was symptoms relieved (33.3％,41 cases).④ 63.1％(299 cases) of patients learned about the knowledge of rheumatic diseases from hospitals and doctors.⑤ 34.2％(162 cases) of patients spent 1 000-5 000 yuan every month on treatment.⑥ Insurance type could affect the time of first visit to hospital (P=0.004),while income and cost of therapy might impact patients' compliance (P=0.013,P=0.004).Conclusion Most patients will go to hospital as soon as possible and adhere to treatment.Economic situation is the main factor influencing health care seeking behavior of patients with rheumatic diseases.

Objective To investigate theeffect of ischemic postconditioning (IPO) on ischemia/reperfusion injury via mitochondrial pathway.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups by means of random number table.Rats in IRI group and IPO group received liver transplantation.The portal vein in IRI group was opened immediately after liver implantation to restore the blood supply.The graft rats in IPO group received IPO before the portal vein was completely opened: 60-s ischemia and 60-s reperfusion of the portal vein,repeated 6 times).The rats in the sham-operation group were only subject to dissociation of the liver ligament.Six h after portal vein reperfusion,liver function was tested.The expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and Bax mRNA was detected by using real time-PCR.The protein expression of Cyt-c was detected by using Western blotting.The apoptosis and necrosis of liver tissue and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential were detected by using flow cytomertry.The changes of mitochondrial structure were observed under an electron microscope.Results The liver functions in IRI group and IPO group were significantly worse (P＜0.05),the levels of Bax mRNA were significantly higher (P＜0.05),the levels of Bcl-2 mRNA were significantly lower (P＜0.05),the levels of Cyt-c protein were significantly higher (P＜0.05),the levels of apoptosis and necrosis were significantly higher (P＜0.05),and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) of liver cells was significantly lower (P＜0.05) than in sham operation group.The changes of all the parameters in IRI group were more significant than in IPO group (P ＜ 0.05).The morphological changes of the liver mitochondria were also significantly aggravated in IRI group as compared with IPO group.Conclusion IPO reduced IRI by inhibiting the mitochondrial signaling pathway in rats undergoing liver transplantation.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of Danlou Tablet (DT) on arrhythmia model rats induced by transient myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).

METHODSTotally 45 healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, the sham-operation group, the model group, and the DT group, 15 in each group. Rats in the sham-operation group and the model group were administered with distilled water by gastrogavage at the daily dose of 0.1 mL/kg. Rats in the DT group was administered with 0.53 g/mL DT suspension by gastrogavage at the daily dose of 0.1 mL/kg. All medication was lasted for 10 successive days. The myocardial I/R experiment was performed at 1 h after the last gastrogavage. ECG was performed before ligation and at I/R. The jugular arterial blood pressure of all rats was measured during the whole course. ST segment changes were observed at each time point of I/R. The ventricular fibrillation, the premature ventricular, the number and the duration of ventricular tachycardia within 30 min reperfusion were also observed. Activities of Na(+)-K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase in the myocardium homogenate were detected as well.

RESULTSThe jugular arterial blood pressure and the heart rate were slightly lower in the DT group than in the model group, but with no statistical difference (P > 0.05). Compared with the sham-operation group, the degree of ST segment was obviously elevated in the model group at 0, 5, and 7 min (P < 0.05). It was significantly lower in the DT group than in the model group (P < 0.01). ST seg ment was more elevated at 5 min than at 0 min in the model group, but the degree of ST segment elevation was still obviously lower in the DT group than in the model group (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the degree of ST segment elevation at 7 min between the two groups (P > 0.05). At 0 min when the decrement of ST segment exceeded one half the ischemia, there was no statistical difference in the degree of myocardial ischemia between the model group and the DT group (P > 0.05). Compared with the model group, the incidence of fatal and nonfatal ventricular fibrillation, the frequency and duration of ventricular tachycardia and premature ventricular beats were obviously lessened, and activities of Na(+)-K+ ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase increased (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSDT could significantly protect arrhythmias induced by transient I/R. Its effect might be related to lowering the degree of myocardial ischemia, and increasing ion transport channel related enzyme activities.

Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; complications ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of heme to CO, biliverdin, and iron, which together protect cells from oxidative and inflammatory damage and play an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis. In recent years, HO-1 has also been found to have antiviral biological effects, and the induced expression of HO-1 inhibits the replication of various viruses such as hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, ebolavirus, influenza A virus, Zika virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis A virus and enterovirus 71. The inhibitory effect of HO-1 on these viruses involves three mechanisms, including direct inhibition of virus replication by HO-1 and its downstream products, enhancement of type I interferon responses in host cell, and attenuation of inflammatory damage caused by viral infection. This review focuses on the recent advances in the antiviral effect of HO-1 and its mechanism, which is expected to provide evidence for HO-1 as a potential target for antiviral therapy.

A commonly used Chinese crude drug Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus has been shown to possess good anticancer activities and related properties such as antioxidation, nitrite scavenging, nitrosamine synthesis blocking and immune enhancement, and has been widely used as an effective auxiliary drug in the treatment of some malignant tumors. This paper systematically reviews the advances in the study of anticancer-related activities of Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus's various components such as raw juice, extracts, saponins, volatile oil, polysaccharides, nitrogen compounds, etc.
Allium ; chemistry ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Oils, Volatile ; pharmacology ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology

Objective To explore the effects of combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)and western medicine on a variety of allergen induced severe perennial seasonal allergic rhinitis patients who were treated invalidly with antihistamines and intranasal flixonase for more than two years.Methods 16 patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis who were uncontrolled with antihistamines and intranasal flixonase for one week were treated by combination with TCM of Xin-Yi-Qing-fei San or Gyokubeifu-san mixed formula for two weeks.Nasal symptoms,its effects on the quality of daily life,and telephone follow-up half a year later were evaluated.Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (Mini-RQLQ) and Nocturnal Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (NRQLQ) were used to evaluate the quality of life.Results After 2 weeks combination-treatment,the nasal symptoms of congestion,rhinorrhea,sneezing,nasal itching,and nasal obstruction were significantly improved compared with combination-before [(52.0± 11.1)％,(69.1±5.3)％,(68.3±12.3)％,(55.5±10.0)％to (10.9±2.4)％,(8.9±3.2)％,(12.5±4.3)％,(13.2±5.3)％,respectively].The before and after treatment of nasal function of nasal minimum cross-sectional area (MCA),nasal cavity volume (V5) and nasal airway resistance (R75 and R150) respectively were (0.58±0.12)cm2,(0.38 ± 0.23) Pa/cm3 · s-1,(0.44 ± 0.32) Pa/cm3 · s-1,(3.50 ± 2.33) cm2 to (0.48 ± 0.23) cm2,(0.31 ±0.33) Pa/cm3 · s-1,(0.31 ±0.37)Pa/cm3 · s-1,(2.24± 1.03) cm2 (P＜0.01).In addition,findings of patients with nasal symptoms by half year follow-up were significantly better than those of before.Conclusion The interventionof TCM can effectively control the perennial and seasonal severe symptoms of patients with AR,and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective To investigate the changes in the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mRNA in a rat model of ventilator-induced lung injury.Methods Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 2β5-260 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),small tidal volume (VT) mechanical ventilation group (group S) and large tidal volume mechanical ventilation group (group L).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine 100 mg/kg,midazolam 0.2 mg/kg and atropine 1.0 mg/kg.The rats were tracheostomized and spontaneous breathing was maintained in group C,while the rats were tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated for 4 h in groups S and L.The tidal volume was 7 ml/kg (group S) or 40 ml/kg (group L),I ∶ E was 1 ∶ 1,RR was 80 bpm and FiO2 was 100％.At 4 h of spontaneous breathing or mechanical ventilation,broncho-alveolar lung lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for determination of the total protein concentration,white blood cell (WBC) counts and concentrations of MIF,IL-6 and IL-1β (by ELISA).Then the rats were sacrificed and the lungs removed for microscopic examination and for determination of wet to dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio) and expression of MIF mRNA (by RT-PCR).Results Compared with C and S groups,WBC counts,concentrations of total protein,MIF,IL-6 and IL-1β in BALF,and W/D ratio and expression of MIF mRNA in lung tissues were significantly increased in group L (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the indexes mentioned above between group C and group S (P ＞ 0.05).The pathological changes occurred in group L.Conclusion The up-regulation of MIF mRNA expression in lung tissues may be involved in the development of ventilator-induced lung injury in rats.