In forensic physical evidence identification, the accurate identification of the individual origin and their body fluid composition of the biological samples obtained from the crime scene play a critical role in determining the nature of a crime. In recent years, RNA profiling has become one of the fastest developing methods for body fluids identification. Due to the characteristics of tissue or body fluid specific expression, various types of RNA markers have been proven to be promising candidate markers for body fluids identification in previous studies. This review summarizes the research progress of RNA markers in body fluids identification, including the RNA markers that have been effectively verified in current research and their advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, this review prospects the application of RNA markers in forensic medicine.
Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Body Fluids/chemistry* ; RNA/analysis* ; Feces ; Forensic Genetics ; Semen/chemistry* ; Saliva/chemistry*

A laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is used to treat landfill leachate containing high concentration of ammonium nitrogen with municipal fecal supernatant. The SBR system is operated in the following sequential phases: fill period, anoxic period, aeration period, settling period, decant and idle period. The results indicated that the average removal efficiencies of COD, BOD(5), TN,NH(4)(+)-N were 93.76%, 98.28%, 84.74% and 99.21%, respectively. The average sludge removal loading rates of COD, BOD(5), TN and NH(4)(+)-N were 0.24 kg/(kg SS.d), 0.08 kg/(kg SS.d), 0.04 kg/(kg SS.d) and 0.036 kg/(kg SS.d), respectively. Highly effective simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was achieved in the SBR system. The ratio of nitrification and denitrification was 99% and 84%, respectively. There was partial NO(2)(-) denitrification in the system.
Alkalies ; Feces ; chemistry ; Nitrogen ; chemistry ; Oxygen ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Refuse Disposal ; instrumentation ; methods

To reveal the toxic mechanism of Kansui stir-baked with vinegar(VEK), conducta comparative study on the metabolites of fecal samples of rats before and after being treated with chemical constituents group B and C(VEKB/VEKC) extracted from VEK by metabolomics approach. The fecal samples of each group were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry(UFLC-Q-TOF-MS). Then the data was processed by principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to screen and identify biomarkers relating to the toxicity of VEK. Besides, t-test was adopted for univariate statistical analysis, so as to study the changes of these biomarkers in drug groups before and after being treated with VEKB/VEKC and explore the effect of VEKB/VEKC on the metabolism of rat feces. Furthermore, the toxic mechanism of VEKB/VEKC was explored based on the results of the metabolic pathway analysis. The results displayed that compared with control group, the metabolism of fecal samples of VEKB and VEKC treated groups show obvious changes, and the VEKB treated group show more significant changes. A total of 16 potential biomarkers and 5 metabolic pathways relating to the toxicity of VEK were found and identified. And the toxicity of VEK might be associated with the disorder of such metabolic pathways as tryptophan metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, purine metabolism, and degradation of valine, leucine and isoleucine. This study provides a scientific basis for the clinical safety application of VEK.
Acetic Acid ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Euphorbia/chemistry* ; Feces/chemistry* ; Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolome ; Rats

OBJECTIVEThe approach of this paper is make extracting solution' clarity achieve the request level and reduce the pollution of resinic columns through improved technical procedure. Silkworm dropping have sediment with alcohol extract and acid precipitation, affect the clarify performance quality, and polysaccharide and protein in extracting solution is badly for resinic columns in purification process.

METHODAdded freeze-thaw pretreatment in clarified process and researched three thaw methods effect on clarify performance of extracting solution with silkworm dropping. The adding effects were evaluated by content of polysaccharide and protein, transmittance and the yield of active ingredients during this adding process.

RESULTThrough comparing researches of three thaw methods, the microwave thaw method was the best approach.

CONCLUSIONAdding freeze-thaw pretreatment in clarify process is not only can improve the clarity of extracting solution with silkworm dropping on ideal level, reduce pollution of resinic columns, but also remain ideally the active ingredients.

Animals ; Biological Factors ; isolation & purification ; Bombyx ; chemistry ; Chemical Fractionation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Feces ; chemistry ; Freezing

OBJECTIVETo study the metabolism and excretion of total flavonoids of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae in rat urine and feces.

METHODThe urine and feces of rats were collected at different times after orally administration of total flavonoids from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, disposed by HP-20 macroporous resin, and then detected by both HPLC and LC-MSn methods.

RESULTTwo main proto-drugs, spinosin and 6'"-feruloylspinosin, along with a metabolite, swertish (M1), are detected in both urine and feces of rat.

CONCLUSIONFlavonoids of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae are excreted in urine and feces mainly in form of proto-drug, while little in form of metabolites, such as swertish.

Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Feces ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Semen ; chemistry ; Urine ; chemistry

Gindenosides are the active ingredients of Panax ginseng. 20 (S) -protopanaxadiolocotillol type epimers are the main metabolites of 20 (S) -protopanaxadiol. The previous studies showed that there are stereoselectivity difference in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics between 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer. The purpose of this study was to explore the excretion of the epimers in bile, feces and urine of rat. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been performed for determination of 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer in bile, feces and urine. 24R-epimer or 24S-epimer was intragastric administered to rats at a single dose of 10 mg x kg(-1). Results showed that after administration the recovery of 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer in feces was 17.69% and 17.09%, respectively, while both of the two epimers were hardly detected in urine. The 48 h cumulative biliary excretion rate of 24R-epimer was 8.01% after administration, while only 1.47% for 24S-epimer. It indicated that there are stereoselectivity in biliary excretion of the epimers with intragastric administration.
Animals ; Bile ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Feces ; chemistry ; Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Panax ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stereoisomerism ; Urine ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo compare the sensitivity, the specificity and the anti-jamming of several excrement occult blood experimental techniques. To evaluate the effect of transferrin (Tf) in the excrement in the digestive tract hemorrhage detection rate.

METHODSFor 600 patients of clinical suspicious digestive tract hemorrhage, take their excrement specimen, using the chemical process (pyramidon semi-quantitative examination law) to detect hemoglobin (Hb), and using monoclonal antibody colloidal gold method to detect Hb and Tf.

RESULTSFinally the hemoglobin chemical process (hereafter refers to as chemical process) to detect upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage with the positive rate 57.3%, and the detection of hemorrhage of lower digestive tract's positive rate is 44.8%; Hemoglobin monoclonal antibody colloidal gold method (hereafter refers to as colloid gold law) to examine upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage with a positive rate 60.4%, under examination hemorrhage with positive rate 77.6%; transferrin monoclonal antibody colloidal gold method (hereafter refer to as transferrin law) to examine upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage with a positive rate 82.3%, examination hemorrhage of lower digestive tract with a positive rate 66.4%; The union examination law (hemoglobin and transferrin to be detected twice, once positive that is positive) examines upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage the positive rate is 90.8%, hemorrhage of lower digestive tract's positive rate is 97.6%.

CONCLUSIONExcrement transferrin has the high detection rate in the upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage; Hb and the Tf combined examination may obviously raise the digestive tract hemorrhagic disease's positive detection rate.

Feces ; chemistry ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; diagnosis ; Gold Colloid ; Humans ; Occult Blood ; Transferrin ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo systemically study the metabolism of ginsenoside Re in rats.

METHODSix SD rats were used divided into 3 groups. After oral administration of ginsenoside Re at a dosage of 100 mg x kg(-1), feces were collected at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h. The microbial transformation metabolites of ginsenoside Re were used as standard references. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was used in the metabolism studies.

RESULTSix metabolites of ginsenoside Re were detected in rat feces by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Their structures were identified as 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside F1, 3-oxo-ginsenoside Rh1 and protopanaxatriol.

CONCLUSIONGinsenoside Re has the same metabolic pathway with microorganisms, to some extent, justified the use of microbial models for mammalian metabolism studies.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Biotransformation ; Feces ; chemistry ; Ginsenosides ; analysis ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo analysis the volatile components of Trogopterus faeces.

METHODThe volatile components of Trogopterus faeces was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS.

RESULTEighty-five volatile components were identified and the main components are cedrol (12.31%) and caryophyllene (7.5%).

CONCLUSIONThe volatile components of the samples are originated from the ingredients or other chemical compositions with similar basic structure of the fodders.

Animals ; Feces ; chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Sciuridae ; metabolism ; Volatilization

AIMTo establish a LC-MS(n) method for the identification of anisodamine and its metabolites in rat feces.

METHODSFeces samples were collected after single administration of 25 mg x kg(-1) anisodamine to rats, and dipped in water for 1 h. Samples were then extracted by ethyl acetate. The pretreated samples were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column using a mobile phase of methanol / 0.01% triethylamine (adjusted to pH 3.5 with formic acid) (60 : 40, v/v) and detected by LC-MS". Identification of the metabolites and elucidation of their structures were performed by comparing their changes in molecular masses (deltaM), retention-times and full scan MS(n) spectra with those of the parent drug and blank feces.

RESULTSThe parent drug and its seven metabolites (6beta-hydroxytropine, nor-6beta-hydroxytropine, aponoranisodamine, apoanisodamine, noranisodamine and hydroxyanisodamine, tropic acid) were found in rat feces.

CONCLUSIONThis method is sensitive, rapid, simple, effective, and suitable for the rapid identification of drug and its metabolites in biologic samples.

Animals ; Feces ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Solanaceous Alkaloids ; analysis ; metabolism ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods