Objective To study the application of viral load for differentiating diagnosis of early HIV infection. Methods Thirteen indeterminate specimens, which showed early HIV infection of antibody detection, were selected. Viral load of the specimens were detected. People with suspicious infection were followed up and certified infection status through EIA and Western blot. Results Twelve of 13 indeterminate specimens which indicated early HIV infection, had positive viral loads. One antibody-positive infant was confirmed to have been infected by HIV and 11 recent infected (window period) persons were certified during the follow-up. One antibody-positive infant had negative viral load and was certified noninfected per-son during the follow-up. Viral load testing results accorded with HIV infection status. Conclusion Viral load testing can be used to diagnose HIV early infection, including antibody-positive infants (within 18 months) and recent infected persons. Viral load testing could be diagnostic in determinate specimens during early HIV infection.

Objective To study the prevalence of HIV-1 drug-resistant strains in antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-1 infectors,and provide background information for HIV-1 drug resistance survey and clin-ical antiretroviral therapy in Beijing in 2008. Methods Referring to the guidelines for HIV drug resistance threshold survey(HIVDR-TS) of WHO, collecting 60-70 plasma samples of HIV-1 infectors who were detec-ted in 6 months and not more than 25 years,we detected HIV-1 pol genotype and genetic mutations associated with drug resistance,counted the prevalence of drug-resistant strains, and evaluated the prevalent level. Re-Sults Of 61 plasma samples answering for the standards, 50 were successfully sequenced and genotyped pol sequence. The major infection route was homosex, which accounted for 62%. B, CRF01_AE, and CRF07_ BC were major genetic subtype, which accounted for 42%, 28% and 26%, respectively. One Pl-resistant strain was found, the incidence of which was 2% (1/50). One NRTI-resistant strain was found, the inci-dence of which was 2% (1/50). No NRTI-resistant strain was found, the incidence of which was 0. The in-cidence of drug-resistant strains in the protease (PR) region was 2%, and the incidence of reverse tran-scriptase (RT) region was also 2%. Both of the prevalence were classified as low level ( <5% ). Conclu-sion PR, RT-resistant HIV-1 strains were found in drug-naive infectors, and the prevalence was low in Beijing. Current antiretrovirai therapy regiments were still feasible. Most of the AIDS patients did not need to test drug resistance before antiretroviral therapy.

Objective:To understand the hepatitis C diagnosis type, progression and treatment in medical institutions.Methods:Monitoring posts were set up in the secondary and tertiary-level hospitals in some parts of the country. Reported infectious diseases cases of hepatitis C in sentinel hospitals during the three consecutive years from 2017 to 2019 were investigated to understand their general demographic characteristics, diagnosis, liver fibrosis degree, and treatment. The diagnosis, treatment and related factors were analyzed by chi square test and trend.Results:A total of 16 241 cases of hepatitis C were investigated in three years. Among them, 7 538 cases were clinically diagnosed (46.41%) and 8703 cases (53.59%) were confirmed as hepatitis C. Among the confirmed cases, 60 cases (0.69%) were acute and 8643 cases (99.31%) were chronic. In the past three years, the proportion of cases diagnosed by liver diseases related departments decreased from 62.23% to 40.01%, while the proportion of medical and surgical cases of non-liver diseases increased from less than 30% to nearly 60%. The proportion of confirmed cases in secondary hospitals (26.27%) was significantly lower than that in tertiary hospitals (62.48%), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 1594.833, P < 0.001). There were also differences in the proportion of confirmed cases in different regions ( P < 0.001). The cases with FIB-4 > 3.25 accounted for 35.78%, and the proportion was increased significantly with age ( χ2 trend = 1159.624, P < 0.001). The average proportion of antiviral treatment was less than 10%, and the proportion of antiviral treatment in secondary hospitals was very low (2.13%); however, the proportion of liver-protective monotherapy treatment was decreased from 30.40% in 2017 to 11.14% in 2019, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.001). Conclusion:The large-scale screening of hepatitis C by medical institutions is increasing year by year, but only about half of the cases can be diagnosed, and the diagnostic capacity of secondary hospitals is particularly unsatisfactory. Most of the confirmed cases are chronic hepatitis C, and more than one third of them have abnormal liver fibrosis indicators, and the proportion increases with age. The proportion of antiviral treatment for hepatitis C is lower in secondary than tertiary-level hospitals. Therefore, there is an urgent need to raise the attention of both parties (doctors and patients) to enhance diagnostic capabilities and expand the coverage of antiviral treatment for hepatitis C.