Apoptosis ; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism

Animals ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; metabolism ; Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; metabolism ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Liver plays a central role in the biogenesis of major metabolites including glucose, fatty acids, and cholesterol. Increased incidence of obesity in the modern society promotes insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues in humans, and could cause severe metabolic disorders by inducing accumulation of lipid in the liver, resulting in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, which is characterized by increased fat depots in the liver, could precede more severe diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and in some cases hepatocellular carcinoma. Accumulation of lipid in the liver can be traced by increased uptake of free fatty acids into the liver, impaired fatty acid beta oxidation, or the increased incidence of de novo lipogenesis. In this review, I would like to focus on the roles of individual pathways that contribute to the hepatic steatosis as a precursor for the NAFLD.
Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Fatty Liver/*metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Lipogenesis ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Triglycerides/metabolism

Alcohol Drinking ; adverse effects ; Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male

Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lipidoses ; metabolism ; pathology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Fatty Liver ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipid Peroxidation

Fatty Liver, Alcoholic ; etiology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Sirtuin 1 ; metabolism

Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance

The liver lies at the intersection of multiple metabolic pathways and consequently plays a central role in lipid metabolism. Pathological disturbances in hepatic lipid metabolism are characteristic of chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity-mediated insulin resistance, which can result in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Tissue damage induced in NAFLD activates and recruits liver-resident and non-resident immune cells, resulting in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Importantly, NASH is associated with an increased risk of significant clinical sequelae such as cirrhosis, cardiovascular diseases, and malignancies. In this review, we describe the immunopathogenesis of NASH by defining the known functions of immune cells in the progression and resolution of disease.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Fatty Liver ; Fibrosis ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver ; Metabolic Diseases ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease*