Insecticidal effects of Agnique MMF were investigated in the coastal brackish water shrimp farms in the Tan Thuan commune, Dam Doi district of Ca Mau province in 2000. The investigations were made in terracotta jars and shrimp ponds with the surface area 30m2 and 1000m2 each. Agnique MMF was found to have a high and fast killing effect on larvae of An.sundaicus at all three testing doses of 0.3ml/m2, 0.4ml/m2 and 0.5ml/m2. Especially larvae at instars of III, IV and pupae. However, the insecticide produced a low effect on Culex sitiens killing larvae of IV ins tar and only retarding larvae of I, II, III instar. The residual effect of Agnique MMF was found to be 14 days in the terracotta jars and 6 days in the ponds. In the direct observations, Agnique MMF was found to have no negative effects on rearing shrimps
Fatty Alcohols ; Polyethylene Glycols

Butanol production from corn stover hydrolysates (CSH) with in-situ liquid-liquid extraction was studied to enhance the production and reduce the fermentation cost. Oleyl alcohol was selected as the suitable solvent and added at the initial fermentation time with the ratio of 1:1 (oleyl alcohol: fermentation broth, V/V). Under this condition, butanol and ABE from CSH with 32.1 g/L total sugars were 3.28 and 4.72 g/L, which were 958.1% and 742.9% higher than those of the controls, respectively. Butanol and ABE production from CSH of 49.7 g/L total sugars after detoxification by ion exchange resin D301 coupled with extraction fermentation were 10.34 g/L and 14.72 g/L with an ABE yield of 0.31 g/g (g ABE/g utilized sugar), which were equal to those of glucose and xylose mixture fermentation. The detoxification and extraction fermentation technology of cellulosic butanol production would provide a crucial technical support to the industrialized production of cellulosic butanol.
Butanols ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Fatty Alcohols ; chemistry ; Fermentation ; Liquid-Liquid Extraction ; methods ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Zea mays ; chemistry

For postmenopausal women who fear hormone therapy, women 60 years of age with continuous, severe hot flushing or women with a history of breast cancer, we should consider selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) as therapeutic agents. Base on the results from a meta-analysis and clinical trials regarding hot flushing, paroxetine and the conetrolled-release formultation of paroxetine have been shown to effectively reduce hot flushing by 30~40% and 60~70%, respectively, and 13~41% more reductions as compared to placebo. Venlafaxine reduced hot flushes by 30~60% (133% reductions compared to placebo), and desvenlafaxine reduced hot flushes by 30~70%. Fluoxetine and citalopram were shown to be less effective than paroxetine and venlafaxine, by 20% (113% reductions compared to placebo) and 40~50%, respectively. Sertraline reduced hot flushes 3~18% compared to the placebo group, but was considered ineffective. Citalopram (20 mg), paroxetine (10 mg), venlafaxine (37.5~150 mg), and desvenlafaxine (100~200 mg) not only reduced vasomotor symptoms, but demonstrated additional beneficial outcomes with respect to sleep disturbances, mood, the vigor index, and improved quality of life. Citalopram (20 mg), fluoxetine (20 mg), paroxetine (10 mg), venlafaxine (75~150 mg), and desvenlafaxine (150 mg) are recommended at the corresponding doses after weighing the risks and benefits of these medications. SSRIs and SNRIs were shown to interrupt the conversion of tamoxifen into the active metabolite, endoxifen, and thus SSRIs and SNRIs must not be used in breast cancer patients who are taking tamoxifen. Paroxetine suppressed vasomotor symptoms most potently, followed by fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, and venlafaxine.
Breast Neoplasms ; Citalopram ; Cyclohexanols ; Female ; Fluoxetine ; Flushing ; Humans ; Menopause ; Norepinephrine ; Paroxetine ; Quality of Life ; Risk Assessment ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors ; Sertraline ; Tamoxifen ; Desvenlafaxine Succinate ; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

Policosanol extracted from sugarcane wax is a generic term used for total fatty alcohols obtained from esterification of fatty acids. It has been approved as a health functional food by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea in 2006. Policosanol is well-known to aid in lowering blood cholesterol level. Recently, several studies have reported the physiological activities of policosanol, such as anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidant effects, and lowering of the incidence of ageing-related diseases, for example, hypertension, stroke, among others. This review describes the physiological activities of policosanol and its applications in the field of health functional foods.
Antioxidants ; Cholesterol ; Esterification ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Alcohols ; Functional Food ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Korea ; Saccharum ; Stroke

OBJECTIVETo isolate and elucidate the chemical constituents from the tuber of Arundina graminifolia.

METHODThe compounds were extracted by 95% alcohol and isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, SephedaxLH-20 and ODS. The structures were determined by UV, IR, NMR and MS spectral analysis.

RESULTFive compounds were isolated, and their structures were identified as (2E)-, 2-propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-decosyl ester (I), p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (II), triacontanol (III) and p-hydroxybenzylethyl ether (IV), 3-hydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl (V), respectively.

CONCLUSIONAll compounds were isolated from the genus of Arundina for the first time.

Benzyl Alcohols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Fatty Alcohols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Orchidaceae ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry

Venlafaxine is among the most widely prescribed antidepressants. It is extensively metabolized to O-desmethylvenlafaxine via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6. We report a case of acute toxic hepatitis resulting from venlafaxine in a 54-year-old woman with pain disorder. During venlafaxine treatment, laboratory tests revealed elevated liver enzymes with a maximum of 169 IU/L for aspartate transaminase (AST) and 166 IU/L for alanine transaminase (ALT). AST and ALT levels returned to normal after 6 days of discontinuation of venlafaxine. The patient was finally diagnosed with acute toxic hepatitis through liver biopsy. This case indicates the importance that clinicians should be aware of the hepatotoxicity of venlafaxine in practice.
Alanine Transaminase ; Antidepressive Agents ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Biopsy ; Cyclohexanols ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Drug Toxicity ; Drug-Induced Liver Injury ; Female ; Humans ; Liver ; Middle Aged ; Somatoform Disorders ; Desvenlafaxine Succinate ; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

OBJECTIVETo study the lipid constituents from Echinacea purpurea.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by chromatography method and the structures were identified on the basis of spectral analyses.

RESULTFive compounds were isolated and identified as, 1 beta, 6 alpha-dihydroxy-4(14)-eudesmene(1), (2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E)-N-isobutyl-2,4,8,10-dodecatetraenamide(2), (2E, 4E, 8Z, 10Z)-N-isobutyl-2,4,8,10-dodecatetraenamide(3), cerotic acid(4), hyxacosyl alcohol(5).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1,4 and 5 were obtained from the plant for the first time.

Echinacea ; chemistry ; Fatty Acids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Fatty Alcohols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

No abstract available.
Catechols ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Cytochromes ; Fatty Alcohols ; Humans ; Liver ; Microsomes, Liver

No abstract available.
Anti-Infective Agents/*therapeutic use ; Fatty Alcohols/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Osteoarthritis/*drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo discuss the synergistic mechanism of compatible use of two medicinal herbs, Zingiber offiicinale and Aconitum cainichaeli, by determining single decoction of Z. offiicinale and four gingerols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 10-gingerol) contained in compound decoction of Z. offiicinale and A. cainichaeli of different compatibility ratio using HPLC.

METHODKromasil-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was adopted. The mobile phase was acetonitrile (B) and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid (A) for gradient elution (0-30 min, 40%-90% B; 30-35 min, 90%-40% B). The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was set at 275 nm. The column temperature was 30 degrees C.

RESULTThe four gingerols were in baseline separation, with a good linearity (r > 0.999), an average recovery of 100.9% -103.5% and RSD < 3.0%. Compared with the single decoction of Z. offiicinale, the content of gingerols in the compound decoction of Z. offiicinale and A. cainichaeli was on the rise and in direct proportion with the increase in the volume of A. cainichaeli.

CONCLUSIONThe synergistic mechanism of the compatibility of Z. offiicinale and A. cainichaeli can be proved with the increased release of gingerols from Z. offiicinale.

Aconitum ; Catechols ; analysis ; Drug Compounding ; Drug Synergism ; Fatty Alcohols ; analysis ; Ginger ; chemistry