Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a well-established method for providing nutrition in surgical patients. Fat emulsion is an important component of TPN not only as a high-energy source but also as a source of essential fatty acids. However, the recommended amount of lipid administration varies from author to author, and it is not clearly shown in most formulae. The aim of this study was to make a table for an adequate amount of fat emulsion with different mixtures of amino acids and dextrose solution, all of which being within the normal range (100:1-150:1) of nonprotein calories-nitrogen ratio (NCNR). The total nonprotein calories were calculated by multiplication of the nitrogen (weight) and the NCNR of normal ranges. The difference between the total nonprotein calories and the calories from the dextrose solution was the energy from the lipid emulsion and was converted to the volume of 10% fat emulsion solution (Y-axis). Dextrose solutions were already classified according to concentrations (15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5% and 25%). The ratio of calories from the lipid emulsion to those from the total nonprotein was calculated, and the values ranging from 20% to 60% were selected as the recommended volume. The numbers on the X-axis were the volumes of 8.5% amino-acid solution. Six oblique lines with different slopes could be gotten from the different concentrations of the dextrose solution and represented NCNRs of 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, and 150:1. The highest points for the six oblique lines were 60% nonprotein calories, and the lowest points were 20% nonprotein calories. The area between the upper imaginary line connecting all the highest points of the six oblique lines and the lower imaginary line connecting all the lowest points of six oblique lines was a complex of points providing the ideal NCNR and the ideal amount of fat emulsion in various volumes of 8.5% amino-acid solution in certain concentrations of dextrose solution. We conclude that such graphs can be used in a situation when modification of the formula is required during TPN.
Amino Acids ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Glucose ; Humans ; Nitrogen ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total* ; Reference Values

Menopause is a turning point in women that is based on the sex hormone change. Many women are very conscious about the postmenopausal period. After menopause, women complain about vasomotor symptoms, night sweat, psychological problems, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and urogenital symptoms. Nowadays, food and alternative treatment for postmenopausal symptoms are introduced. The average life span is now increasing, and postmenopausal care is important for public health. Long chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are known as essential fatty acids, however, all mammals, including humans, should obtain them from their diet. Omega-3 fatty acids have emerged as an adjuvant and alternative source for relieving postmenopusal complains or disease. Among alternative treatment or food behavior change for postmenopusal symptoms, we will review the current issues on the relationship between the role and the effect of omega-3 fatty acids in relieving postmenopausal symptoms.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diet ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ; Female ; Humans ; Mammals ; Menopause ; Osteoporosis ; Postmenopause ; Public Health ; Sweat

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adequate dietary fatty acid intake is important for toddlers between 12–24 months of age, as this is a period of dietary transition in conjunction with rapid growth and development; however, actual fatty acid intake during this period seldom has been explored. This study was conducted to assess the intake status of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by toddlers during the 12–24-month period using 2010–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of 12–24-month-old toddlers (n = 544) was used to estimate the intakes of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6), as well as the major dietary sources of each. The results were compared with the expected intake for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life and available dietary recommendations. RESULTS: Mean daily intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, LA, and AA were 529.9, 22.4, 37.0, 3907.6, and 20.0 mg/day, respectively. Dietary intakes of these fatty acids fell below the expected intake for 0–5-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. In particular, DHA and AA intakes were 4 to 5 times lower. The dietary assessment indicated that the mean intake of essential fatty acids ALA and LA was below the European and the FAO/WHO dietary recommendations, particularly for DHA, which was approximately 30% and 14–16% lower, respectively. The key sources of the essential fatty acids, DHA, and AA were soy (28.2%), fish (97.3%), and animals (53.7%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the prevailing view of DHA and AA requirements on early brain development, there remains considerable room for improvement in their intakes in the diets of Korean toddlers. Further studies are warranted to explore how increasing dietary intakes of DHA and AA could benefit brain development during infancy and early childhood.
Animals ; Arachidonic Acid ; Brain ; Diet ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Linoleic Acid ; Nutrition Surveys

PURPOSE: Lipids and fatty acids are very important for brain and nervous system in growing children. This study was carried out to compare the composition of serum lipids and fatty acids according to the type of feeding in children. METHODS: One hundred and twenty two children aged from 5 month to 24 month who visited Soonchunhyang University Hospital from Mar. 1995 to Jan. 1996 with no gastrointestinal or nutritional problems were selected to compare the composition of serum lipids and fatty acids according to the type of feeding. They were divided into 3 groups according to type of feeding. Thirty three cases were breast milk fed group (BF), 48 cases were formula fed group and 41 cases were whole cow's milk fed group. Serum lipids were analysed by Folch method. Fatty acid methyl ester was made with BF3-methanol solution. Fatty acid contents (area%) were calculated by automatic analyser. RESULTS: 1) The mean serum cholesterol level was 144.14mg/dl and it was significantly higher in breast milk fed group (BF). 2) The mean serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) level was 88.82mg/dl and it was significantly higher in breast milk fed group (BF) (p<0.05). 3) Serum polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level was 39.13% and it was significantly higher in BF. 5) Mean serum omega6 fatty acid level was 35.43% and there was no significant difference between three groups. 6) Mean serum omega3 fatty acid level was 3.70% and it was significantly higher in BF (p<0.05). 7) Mean serum arachidonic acid (AA) level was 5.28% and it was significantly higher in BF (p<0.005). 8) Mean serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level was 0.51% and there was no significant difference between three groups. 9) Mean serum docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level was 2.00% and it was significantly higher in BF (p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional benefit of breast milk was proven by significantly high serum levels of arachidonic acid and DHA in breast milk fed group. Essential fatty acids and DHA should be addded to infant formula. Excessive amount of whole cow's milk feeding to infants is not good in nutritional aspects. Education and guidance about feeding method of infants are also needed.
Arachidonic Acid ; Brain ; Child* ; Cholesterol ; Education ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Fatty Acids* ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Feeding Methods ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Lipoproteins ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Nervous System

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential fatty acids because humans cannot synthesize them de novo and must obtain them in their diet. Fish and fish oil are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Significant evidence of the beneficial role of dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids in blood flow has been reported and putative mechanisms for improvement of blood flow include anti-thrombotic effects, lowered blood pressure, improved endothelial function, and anti-atherogenic effects. Edible oils containing omega-3 fatty acids were registered as functional ingredients in the Korea Health Functional Food Code. Although omega-3 fatty acids have been evaluated by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) based on scientific evidence, periodic re-evaluation may be needed because emerging data related to omega-3 fatty acids have accumulated. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated scientific evidence for the effect of omega-3 fatty acids as a functional ingredient in health functional food on improvement of blood flow. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for collection of relevant human studies using the Medline and Cochrane, KISS, and IBIDS databases for the years 1955-2012. Search keywords were used by combination of terms related to omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. The search was limited to human studies published in Korean, English, and Japanese. Using the KFDA's evidence based evaluation system for scientific evaluation of health claims, 112 human studies were identified and reviewed in order to evaluate the strength of the evidence supporting a relation between omega-3 fatty acids and blood flow. Among 112 studies, significant effects on improvement of blood flow were reported in 84 studies and the daily intake amount was ranged from 0.1 to 15 g. According to this methodology of systematic review, we concluded that there was possible evidence to support a relation between omega-3 fatty acid intake and blood flow. However, because inconsistent results have recently been reported, future studies should be monitored.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Pressure ; Diet ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Functional Food ; Humans ; Korea ; Oils ; United States Food and Drug Administration

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the major components of brain and retina, and are the essential fatty acids with important physiologically active functions. Thus, PUFAs should be provided to children, and are very important in the brain growth and development for fetuses, newborn infants, and children. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease coronary artery disease and improve blood flow. PUFAs have been known to have anti-inflammatory action and improved the chronic inflammation such as auto-immune diseases or degenerative neurologic diseases. PUFAs are used for metabolic syndrome related with obesity or diabetes. However, there are several considerations related with intake of PUFAs. Obsession with the intake of unsaturated fatty acids could bring about the shortage of essential fatty acids that are crucial for our body, weaken the immune system, and increase the risk of heart disease, arrhythmia, and stroke. In this review, we discuss types, physiologic mechanism of action of PUFAs, intake of PUFAs for children, recommended intake of PUFAs, and considerations for the intake of PUFAs.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Brain ; Child ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Fetus ; Growth and Development ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Immune System ; Infant, Newborn ; Inflammation ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Obesity ; Obsessive Behavior ; Retina ; Stroke

Ecological studies have indicated that the essential fatty acids in maternal and umbilical cord blood samples are associated with gestational length and birth weight. The objectives of this study were to examine serum fatty acid concentration, particularly omega3 fatty acids, in maternal and umbilical cord blood and to investigate the relationship of serum fatty acid levels in the blood of the mother and of the umbilical cord. Subjects consisted of 30 full-term and 30 pre-term mothers and neonates of both groups. Serum levels of fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. The concentration of total saturated fatty acids in pre-term pregnant women was significantly higher than that of the full-term group (p<0.05), however, the maternal level of omega3 fatty acids in the pre-term group was significantly lower than that of the full-term pregnant women (p<0.05), Moreover, the concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in full-term pregnant women were significantly higher than those of the pre-term group. In umbilical cord blood, the levels of total omega3 fatty acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower in the pre-term group than in the full-term group (p<0.05). Based on the coefficient of correlation between serum fatty acids in the mother and the umbilical cord, it turned out that in the full-term group, the newborn's umbilical cord serum fatty acids were not influenced by the levels of serum fatty acids in the mother. However, in the pre-term group, it seems to have positive correlations in terms of the levels of SFA, MUFA, PUFA and alpha-linolenic acid. This study suggests that a lower status of omega3 fatty acids in maternal and umbilical cord blood probably is a risk factor for pre-term birth.
alpha-Linolenic Acid ; Arachidonic Acid ; Birth Weight ; Chromatography, Gas ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Fatty Acids* ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Mothers* ; Parturition ; Pregnant Women ; Risk Factors ; Umbilical Cord*

PURPOSE: IV-lipid emulsion can be a nutritional supplement to provide essential fatty acids and energy for patients who need total parenteral nutrition support. The recommended administration dose of lipid emulsion is less than 2.5 g/kg/d and the rate should not exceed 0.15 g/kg/h for adult patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of the currently prescribed administration rate of IV-lipid emulsion in a single center. METHODS: We analyzed 1,739 lipid emulsion administration prescriptions in 1,095 patients over 18 years old at Ajou University Hospital from January 1, 2014 to March 31. RESULTS: The median prescription rate of total lipid emulsion was 0.134 (0.012~1.125) g/kg/h, and the exceeding portion of maximum recommended infusion rate was 36.9%. The median administration prescription rate of lipid emulsion was faster in 500 mL emulsions, compared to 250 mL emulsion (0.146 g/kg/h vs. 0.075 g/kg/h; P<0.001) and at emergency room (ER), compared to general ward (0.154 g/kg/h vs. 0.123; P<0.001). The exceeding portion of maximum recommended infusion rate of lipid emulsion was also higher in 500 mL emulsion, compared to 250 mL emulsion (52.2% vs. 30.4%; P<0.001) and at ER, compared to general ward (52.1% vs. 30.4%; P<0.001). Triglyceride level was higher in exceeding recommended infusion rate compared to less, but not statistically significant (119 mg/dL vs. 261 mg/dL; P=0.202). CONCLUSION: Administration prescription rate of lipid emulsion exceeded the recommended rate and this feature was dominant in 500 mL emulsion and at ER. Education and monitoring of lipid emulsion prescription is needed for appropriate lipid administration and prevention of fat overload syndrome.
Adult ; Education ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Emulsions ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Humans ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Patients' Rooms ; Prescriptions* ; Triglycerides

PURPOSE: Parenteral nutrition is given to infants who tempararily cannot take oral feeding adequately. A lipid emulsion is added to the parenteral to supply essential fatty acids. In neonatal sepsis, elastase from azuropilic granules of the neutrophils is released and rapidly bound to alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor(alpha1-PI). The lipid emulsion has been noted to markedly inhibit chemotaxis of neutrophils, so we to measured the levels of Elastase-alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor(E-alpha1-PI) complex to evaluate the effect of intralipid infusions on the neutrophil in newborns with sepsis. METHODS: This study evaluated 8 patients with neonatal sepsis and 12 normal newborns. We measured E-alpha1-PI complex levels in the serum of these patients by ELISA methods. RESULTS: Before infusion with lipid solution, patients with neonatal sepsis had significantly increased levels of E-alpha1-PI complex in comparison with those of vaginally delivered normal newborns. E-alpha1-PI complex levels were significantly decreased after lipid infusions of 0.5g/kg per day, but there was no further significant decrease with higher doses of the infusate. CONCLUSION: We observed the suppression neutrophil elastase levels by lipid infusions in newborn with sepsis. These results suggest that there were no appropriate chemotatic effects of neutrophil in newborn with sepsis. Therefore, we considered whether the lipid infusion was stopped if the newborn with sepsis was infused parenteral nutrition with intralipid.
Chemotaxis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Leukocyte Elastase ; Neutrophils ; Pancreatic Elastase* ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Sepsis

Animals ; Asthma ; etiology ; Fatty Acids, Essential ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; genetics ; Immunity ; Intestinal Diseases ; etiology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology