Animals ; Fasting ; metabolism ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Mice ; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 ; metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; deficiency ; metabolism

The study was conducted to investigate fasting effects on flesh composition and antioxidant defenses of market-size Sparus macrocephalus. Two hundred fish (main initial weight 580 g) were divided into two groups (control and fasted) and reared in 6 cages. After two weeks of adaptation, group I fasted for 28 d; group II was fed normally as a control. In 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d, 6 fish per group were sampled for proximate flesh composition, liver antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde flesh content analyses. In fasted fish, the reduction of lipid content in muscle occurred after day 3, and, compared to controls, the content of protein decreased from day 14, the activities of liver antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased from day 3, and flesh malondialdehyde levels increased from day 21. Flesh fat reduction shows that fasting may be used as a technique to reduce flesh lipid content in Sparus macrocephalus. However, considering flesh protein loss and the subsequent oxidative stress, the fasting technique should be used with precautions.
Animal Feed ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Fasting ; physiology ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Liver ; enzymology ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Muscles ; metabolism ; Perciformes ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Enflurane is metabolized in the liver by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system, cytochrome P-450 (P450IIE1) and induces enzyme system during enflurane exposure. Enhanced biotransformation might occur after enflrane itself and pathologic conditions, such as fasting, diabetes, chemical diabetes. Increased inorganic fluoride, one of the enflurane metabolites could impair renal function. The possibility of increased enflurane defluorination in the diabetic patient, group 1 (control, n= 6), group 2 (blood sugar level below 200mg%, n=6) and group 3 (blood sugar level above 200 mg%, n=5), was investigated by measuring the serum and urine F in the preoperative period and 1 MAC-hr, 2 MAC-hr, immediate postoperative and 24th postoprative hour. In the preoperative, iaunediate postoperative and 24th postoperative hour, the changes of renal function were measured by the BUN and creatinine. The results were as follows: 1) In the diabetic groups, serum fluoride ion increased significantly after enflumane anesthesia at a11 time intervals. Between control and group 3, there were significant difference of aerum inorganic fiuoride after enflurane anesthesia. 2) Urine fluoride levels increased significantly after enflurane anesthesia in all groups 3) There were no changes in renal function after enflurane anestheaia. Our study indicated that enflurane dose not harm diabetic patients.
Anesthesia ; Biotransformation ; Creatinine ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Enflurane* ; Fasting ; Fluorides ; Humans* ; Liver ; Metabolism* ; Preoperative Period

Hypercalciuria is the most common metabolic abnormality in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis and oral calcium tolerance test (OCTT) has been developed to diagnose various forms of hypercalciuria. 71 patients with calcium nephrolithiasis who had been admitted to the Dept. of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital during the period of 11/2years from Jan. 1984 to Jun. 1985, were studied for urinary calcium excretion by OCTT constituted of rigorous calcium restriction for 3 days, fasting and calcium loading. The following results were obtained. 1. Of the 71 patients, hypercalciuria was found in 43 cases (61%) and hyperuricosuria in 24 cases (33.8%). Hyperuricosuria was found more frequently in patients with hypercalciuria than patients with normocalciuria. 2. Of 43 cases with hypercalciuria, 11 cases (15%) were classified as absorptive type I, 14 cases (2O %) as absorptive type II 9 cases (13%) as renal hypercalciuria, and 3 cases (4%) as primary hyperparathyroidism. In the other 6 cases, the etiology of the hypercalciuria could not be defined by our simple OCTT. 3. In fasting, urinary Ca/Cr ratio was 0.052+/-0.025 in normocalciuria group, 0.068+/-0.018 in absorptive type I, 0.068+/-0.025 in absorptive type II group, and all these values were in normal limit. In renal hypercalciuria and primary hyperparathyroidism group, the ratios were 0.167+/-0.033 and 0.149+/-0.029, and these values were significantly higher than normal range. 4. After calcium loading, urinary Ca/Cr ratio was 0.105+/-0.041 in normocalciuria group, but in hypercalciuria groups, the ratios were markedly increased to 0.244+/-0.035 in absorptive type I, 0.288+/-0.042 in absorptive type II, 0.263+/-0.068 in renal hypercalciuria, 0.290+/-0.041 in primary hyperparathyroidism group. 5. In renal hypercalciuria, the ratio of renal calcium reabsorption was 97.8+/-O.9%, and tend to be lower than other subgroups of hypercalciuria and normocalciuria group. The ratio of renal phosphorus reabsorption did not show the difference of the values among the subgroups of hypercalciuria and normocalciuria group. OCTT using rigorous calcium restriction for 3 days is recommended as a relatively simple and reliable method of defining the etiology of hypercalciuria.
Busan ; Calcium* ; Diagnosis* ; Fasting ; Humans ; Hypercalciuria* ; Hyperparathyroidism, Primary ; Metabolism ; Nephrolithiasis* ; Phosphorus ; Reference Values ; Urolithiasis ; Urology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Doxazosin GITS (Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System) greatly minimizes the need for titration by changing the drug-delivery rate and pharmacokinetic profile. No data are available on the safety and efficacy of Doxazosin GITS among Korean hypertensive patients. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Doxazosin GITS as an add-on therapy, under standard usage conditions, through a multi center study in patients with hypertension. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 595 hypertensive patients, not adequately controlled with a single agent, were enrolled into this study. The demographic profiles were gathered at the baseline, and the patients followed up at 4 and 8 week intervals for dose adjustment and for final assessment of the efficacy, respectively. The blood pressure, heart rate, fasting glucose and lipid profiles were assessed at each visit and any adverse events also observed. RESULTS: A total of 595 patients, in whom Doxazosin GITS had been administered, and evaluated at least once according to its related parameters, were analyzed to assess its safety. Of the 595 patients 534 completed this study and fulfilled the requirements for the efficacy analysis. Eight weeks after treatment, the responders (BP<140/90 mmHg or BP<130/85 mmHg in patients with diabetes) were 68.5% of the total patients and 71.3% of the hypertensive patients without diabetes. The blood pressure was significantly improved, with a mean change from the baseline of -18.9+/-19.5/-1 0.6+/-11.8 mmHg (mean+/-standard deviation expressed as SBP/DBP)(p<0.05). In addition, Doxazosin GITS showed a change in the heart rate of -1.5+/-6.8 bpm (p<0.05), and brought favorable metabolic effects, such as improved glucose metabolism and reductions in the total cholesterol and triglyceride. A total of 18 adverse events were reported among the 595 patients (3.0%), with mild to moderate severity. CONCLUSION: Doxazosin GITS as an add-on therapy significantly improved the blood pressure and heart rate, with favorable metabolic effects. Doxazosin GITS could be a safe and effective drug for hypertension not adequately controlled with a single agent.
Blood Pressure ; Cholesterol ; Doxazosin* ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Metabolism ; Triglycerides

Few are familiar with the gluconeogenesis that occurs in the intestine under fasting or the influence of insulin. Recently, however, studies that revealed the function of intestinal gluconeogenesis as a regulatory process for glucose homeostasis and appetite were described. The intestine produces about 25% of total endogenous glucose during fasting and regulates energy homeostasis through communication with the brain. Glucose produced via intestinal gluconeogenesis is delivered to portal vein where periportal neural system senses glucose and sends a signal to the brain to regulate appetite and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, studies uncovered that intestinal gluconeogenesis contributes to the rapid metabolic improvements induced by gastric bypass surgery.
Appetite ; Bariatric Surgery ; Brain ; Fasting ; Gastric Bypass ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glucose* ; Homeostasis ; Insulin ; Intestines* ; Metabolism* ; Portal Vein

BACKGROUND: The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of related cardiovascular risk factors and it is the cause of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular diseases. Recently, new diagnostic criteria of glucose metabolism impairment has been recommended. The purpose of this study was to estimate the difference of cardiovascular risk by investigating the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to the degree of glucose metabolism impairment. METHODS: A population of 757 subjects was selected from a database of individuals who visited a health promotion center. We classified these subjects into 5 groups [Normal, Isolated impaired glucose tolerance (I-IGT), Isolated impaired fasting glucose (I-IFG), combined IGT with IFG (IGT/IFG) and Diabetes]. We compared the general characteristics, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in these groups. RESULTS: HOMA-IR and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the IGT/IFG and the Diabetes group were significantly greater than the Normal group. HOMA-IR and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome of the I-IGT and the I-IFG group were not significantly different with the Normal group. CONCLUSION: The insulin resistance and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the IGT/IFG group was significantly greater than the Normal group, and its presence may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is important to control other combined metabolic disorders to prevent cardiovascular events after effective selection for IGT/ IFG.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Fasting ; Glucose* ; Health Promotion ; Homeostasis ; Insulin Resistance ; Metabolism* ; Mortality ; Prevalence* ; Risk Factors

Among many causes of calcium containing urinary stones, the hypercalciuria associated with normocalcemia is the most common one. Absorptive hypercalciuria and renal hypercalciuria constitute two major forms of idiopathic hypercalciuria. According to Coe et al., a renal leak of calcium and secondary hyperparathyroidism are present in renal hypercalciuria but not in absorptive hypercalciuria. It has been suggested that fasting urinary cAMP may provide a measure of parathyroid function. So determination of fasting urinary calcium and cAMP may be useful in the differentiation of the two major forms of idiopathic hypercalciuria. We performed the study to evaluate the significance of urinary calcium and cAMP in the determinating the types of hypercalciuria. Calcium metabolism studies and urinary cAMP determination were done in 28 in-patients with urinary stones under usual diet and fasting state. The results were as followings: 1. Among 28 patients, 15 patients had renal hypercalciuria, 6 had absorptive hypercalciuria and 7 had normocalciuria. 2. On usual diet, 24-hour urine cAMP level was 3.815+/-0.560 nmol/mg creatinine in renal hypercalciuria, 3.508+/-1.253 nmol/mg creatinine in absorptive hypercalciuria and 3.202+/-0.980 nmol/mg creatinine in normocalciuric patients. 3. On fasting state, 2-hour urine cAMP level was 4.611+/-2.591 nmol/mg creatinine in renal hypercalciuria, 4.304+/-3.173 nmol/mg creatinine in absorptive hypercalciuria and 2.400+/-1.080 nmol/mg creatinine in normocalciuric patients. 4. urinary cAMP on usual diet and fasting condition did not differ significantly among 15 renal and 6 absorptive hypercalciuric patients. (t-value; 0.82 and 0.22, respectively, p>0.1)
Calcium ; Creatinine ; Diet ; Fasting ; Humans ; Hypercalciuria ; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary ; Metabolism ; Urinary Calculi*

BACKGROUND: Although impaired endothelial function is well known in patients with diabetes mellitus, the precise mechanism and the factors that contribute to this dysfunction remain to be clarified. We examined the effect of acute hyperglycemia on patients with impaired glucose metabolism in vivo by plethysmography. METHODS: Seven patients with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose metabolism were studied. In each patient, endothelial function was examined in the fasting state and at two levels of hyperglycemia, which were achieved by the infusion of glucose, insulin, and somatostatin. Forearm blood flow was measured while acetylcholine was infused in increasing concentrations(7.5, 15, and 30 microgram/min) through the brachial artery. RESULTS: Glucose concentrations increased accordingly at each stage, from 135.3+/-18.4 mg/dl at stage 1(the fasting state), to 239.0+/-15.2 mg/dl at stage 2(the first level of hyperglycemia), and to 378.3+/-25.3 at stage 3 (the second level of hyperglycemia) [p<0.01]. Maximal acetylcholine-dependent vasodilation achieved by infusion of acetylcholine at 30 microgram/min was significantly aftenuated during stages 2 and 3 compared with stage 1(p<0.05 by AVOVA; forearm blood flow ratio was 2.87+/-0.18 and 2.56+/-0.14 versus 3.58+/-0.21, respectively). This was also evident during the infusion of 15 microgram/min and 7.5 microgram/min of acetylcholine. CONCLUSIONS: Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is significantly aftenuated by acute hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose metabolism. Our findings suggest that elevated glucose may contribute to the endothelial dysfunction observed in patients with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose metabolism.
Acetylcholine ; Brachial Artery ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Endothelium ; Fasting ; Forearm ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia* ; Insulin ; Metabolism* ; Plethysmography ; Somatostatin ; Vasodilation*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender on the thermic effect of food and substrate oxidation rate during 5 hours after a mixed meal. Twenty healthy college students (10 males and 10 females) aged 20-26 years participated in this study. The energy contents of the experimental diets were 775 kcal and 627 kcal for males and females respectively, which were 30% of individual energy requirements and were composed of 65/15/20% as the proportion of carbohydrate/protein/fat. Resting and postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates were measured with indirect calorimetry in the fasting state and every 30 min for 5 hours after meal consumption. Thermic effects of food expressed as DeltaAUC and TEF% were not significantly different between males and females. However, TEF% adjusted for body weight and fat-free mass in males (0.095% and 0.120%) were significantly lower than those in females (0.152% and 0.213%)(p < 0.05). The total amount of carbohydrate oxidized was significantly lower in males than that in females (58.6 vs. 86.6 mg/kcal energy intake/5 h, p < 0.05). In contrast, the total amount of fat oxidized was significantly higher in males than that in females after the meal (32.9 vs. 17.2 mg/kcal energy intake/5 h, p < 0.01). These results indicate that gender affects the thermic effects of food and the substrate oxidation rate after a meal. The results show that males use relatively less carbohydrate and more fat as an energy source after a meal than that of females.
Aged ; Body Weight ; Calorimetry, Indirect ; Diet ; Energy Metabolism ; Fasting ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meals