Background: This retrospective study aimed to analyze avulsion and osteochondral fractures associated with patellar dislocation using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients admitted between 2015 and 2023 with acute or recurrent patellar dislocations. A musculoskeletal radiologist and 2 orthopedic surgeons evaluated CT scans of 148 patients (160 knees) to identify and categorize all avulsion and osteochondral fractures. The included fracture patterns were as follows: pattern I: medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) avulsion from the upper two-thirds of the patella, pattern II: medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) and medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML) avulsion from the lower one-third, pattern III: inferomedial patellar facet osteochondral fracture, pattern IV: lateral femoral condyle osteochondral fracture, and pattern V: MPFL avulsion from the femoral footprint. The dimensions of patellar articular surface osteochondral fractures were measured, and patient age, sex, and side were recorded. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were performed. Results: A total of 148 patients (93 female and 55 male patients) with a mean age of 18.7 ± 6.8 years were included. Of these, 116 patients (72.5%) had 1 or more fractures, with 71 (44.4%) having isolated lesions and 45 (28.1%) having combined lesions.Pattern II was the most prevalent, observed in 66 knees (41.2%), followed by pattern I in 52 knees (32.5%), and pattern III in 45 knees (28.1%). Patterns IV and V were seen in 4 (2.5%) and 1 (0.6%) knee, respectively. The mean articular fragment size in pattern III was 128.4 ± 95.6 mm 2 (range, 12–412.5 mm 2 ), all involving the inferomedial facet of the patella. Osteochondral fragments were found in the lateral gutter (35.5%), anterior joint space (51.1%), posterior joint space (8.9%), and suprapatellar space (4.5%). No significant sex differences were observed in isolated versus combined lesions (p = 0.542) or fracture patterns (p = 0.274). Conclusions This study, the first to evaluate fractures after patellar dislocation using 3D CT, identified 5 distinct fracture patterns. The results show that MPTL/MPML injuries are more common than previously thought, challenging traditional views on patellar dislocation injuries and emphasizing the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach.

Background: This retrospective study aimed to analyze avulsion and osteochondral fractures associated with patellar dislocation using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients admitted between 2015 and 2023 with acute or recurrent patellar dislocations. A musculoskeletal radiologist and 2 orthopedic surgeons evaluated CT scans of 148 patients (160 knees) to identify and categorize all avulsion and osteochondral fractures. The included fracture patterns were as follows: pattern I: medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) avulsion from the upper two-thirds of the patella, pattern II: medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) and medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML) avulsion from the lower one-third, pattern III: inferomedial patellar facet osteochondral fracture, pattern IV: lateral femoral condyle osteochondral fracture, and pattern V: MPFL avulsion from the femoral footprint. The dimensions of patellar articular surface osteochondral fractures were measured, and patient age, sex, and side were recorded. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were performed. Results: A total of 148 patients (93 female and 55 male patients) with a mean age of 18.7 ± 6.8 years were included. Of these, 116 patients (72.5%) had 1 or more fractures, with 71 (44.4%) having isolated lesions and 45 (28.1%) having combined lesions.Pattern II was the most prevalent, observed in 66 knees (41.2%), followed by pattern I in 52 knees (32.5%), and pattern III in 45 knees (28.1%). Patterns IV and V were seen in 4 (2.5%) and 1 (0.6%) knee, respectively. The mean articular fragment size in pattern III was 128.4 ± 95.6 mm 2 (range, 12–412.5 mm 2 ), all involving the inferomedial facet of the patella. Osteochondral fragments were found in the lateral gutter (35.5%), anterior joint space (51.1%), posterior joint space (8.9%), and suprapatellar space (4.5%). No significant sex differences were observed in isolated versus combined lesions (p = 0.542) or fracture patterns (p = 0.274). Conclusions This study, the first to evaluate fractures after patellar dislocation using 3D CT, identified 5 distinct fracture patterns. The results show that MPTL/MPML injuries are more common than previously thought, challenging traditional views on patellar dislocation injuries and emphasizing the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach.

Background: This retrospective study aimed to analyze avulsion and osteochondral fractures associated with patellar dislocation using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients admitted between 2015 and 2023 with acute or recurrent patellar dislocations. A musculoskeletal radiologist and 2 orthopedic surgeons evaluated CT scans of 148 patients (160 knees) to identify and categorize all avulsion and osteochondral fractures. The included fracture patterns were as follows: pattern I: medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) avulsion from the upper two-thirds of the patella, pattern II: medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) and medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML) avulsion from the lower one-third, pattern III: inferomedial patellar facet osteochondral fracture, pattern IV: lateral femoral condyle osteochondral fracture, and pattern V: MPFL avulsion from the femoral footprint. The dimensions of patellar articular surface osteochondral fractures were measured, and patient age, sex, and side were recorded. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were performed. Results: A total of 148 patients (93 female and 55 male patients) with a mean age of 18.7 ± 6.8 years were included. Of these, 116 patients (72.5%) had 1 or more fractures, with 71 (44.4%) having isolated lesions and 45 (28.1%) having combined lesions.Pattern II was the most prevalent, observed in 66 knees (41.2%), followed by pattern I in 52 knees (32.5%), and pattern III in 45 knees (28.1%). Patterns IV and V were seen in 4 (2.5%) and 1 (0.6%) knee, respectively. The mean articular fragment size in pattern III was 128.4 ± 95.6 mm 2 (range, 12–412.5 mm 2 ), all involving the inferomedial facet of the patella. Osteochondral fragments were found in the lateral gutter (35.5%), anterior joint space (51.1%), posterior joint space (8.9%), and suprapatellar space (4.5%). No significant sex differences were observed in isolated versus combined lesions (p = 0.542) or fracture patterns (p = 0.274). Conclusions This study, the first to evaluate fractures after patellar dislocation using 3D CT, identified 5 distinct fracture patterns. The results show that MPTL/MPML injuries are more common than previously thought, challenging traditional views on patellar dislocation injuries and emphasizing the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach.

Background: This retrospective study aimed to analyze avulsion and osteochondral fractures associated with patellar dislocation using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients admitted between 2015 and 2023 with acute or recurrent patellar dislocations. A musculoskeletal radiologist and 2 orthopedic surgeons evaluated CT scans of 148 patients (160 knees) to identify and categorize all avulsion and osteochondral fractures. The included fracture patterns were as follows: pattern I: medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) avulsion from the upper two-thirds of the patella, pattern II: medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) and medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML) avulsion from the lower one-third, pattern III: inferomedial patellar facet osteochondral fracture, pattern IV: lateral femoral condyle osteochondral fracture, and pattern V: MPFL avulsion from the femoral footprint. The dimensions of patellar articular surface osteochondral fractures were measured, and patient age, sex, and side were recorded. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were performed. Results: A total of 148 patients (93 female and 55 male patients) with a mean age of 18.7 ± 6.8 years were included. Of these, 116 patients (72.5%) had 1 or more fractures, with 71 (44.4%) having isolated lesions and 45 (28.1%) having combined lesions.Pattern II was the most prevalent, observed in 66 knees (41.2%), followed by pattern I in 52 knees (32.5%), and pattern III in 45 knees (28.1%). Patterns IV and V were seen in 4 (2.5%) and 1 (0.6%) knee, respectively. The mean articular fragment size in pattern III was 128.4 ± 95.6 mm 2 (range, 12–412.5 mm 2 ), all involving the inferomedial facet of the patella. Osteochondral fragments were found in the lateral gutter (35.5%), anterior joint space (51.1%), posterior joint space (8.9%), and suprapatellar space (4.5%). No significant sex differences were observed in isolated versus combined lesions (p = 0.542) or fracture patterns (p = 0.274). Conclusions This study, the first to evaluate fractures after patellar dislocation using 3D CT, identified 5 distinct fracture patterns. The results show that MPTL/MPML injuries are more common than previously thought, challenging traditional views on patellar dislocation injuries and emphasizing the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach.

OBJECTIVE: There has been no study in the literature evaluating total blood count in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, we performed the present study to spesifically measure serum total blood count particularly white blood cells to see whether or not its eventual alterations might have an etiopathogenetic significance in patients with OCD. METHODS: Total blood count was measured in thirty patients and same number of healthy controls. Additionally, all patients were assessed by Yale-Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale (Y-BOCS). RESULTS: Except for neutrophil count, there were no significant differences between the groups regarding any haematological parameter. The mean neutrophil count of the patient group was lower compared to that of the control subjects. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present study suggests that neutrophil count is reduced in pure OCD patients and this finding may contribute to the role of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of OCD.
Humans ; Immunologic Factors ; Leukocytes ; Neutrophils ; Obsessive Behavior ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder