Objective To analyze the related factors of foot blisters caused by long-distance weight-bearing march and to explore the pathogenesis of foot blisters to provide a useful way for the prevention and treatment.Methods After the 300 km march,counted the number who had accomplished the march,and then recorded the number of foot blisters,location of blisters,and abrasion of sole.Collected the data of gender,age,body mass index (BMI),hand dominance,and whether had bliters before the march through questionnaire.And the data were coded for analysis with SPSS 13.0 statistical package.Results The 7 cases who complete the whole march and 17 cases who already had foot blisters before the march were ruled out of the final statistics.Among the remaining 590 cases,there were 554 cases (93.9%)suffered from foot blisters.And there were 1 282 blisters in total,among which the plantar blisters occupied 98% (1 257 cases).The analysis showed that the incidence of foot blisters had no significant correlation with gender,left/right foot,hand dominance,BMI and age.The predilection sites of blisters were the second and third metatarsals (28.2%),the hallux (21.3%),the fifth metatarsal (18.1%),and the calcaneus (15.8%)of the left foot.The predilection sites of blisters were the second and third metatarsals (33.3%),the hallux (22.4%),the fifth metatarsal (18.6%),and the calcaneus (14.5%)of the right foot.In terms of the abrasion of sole,the lateral heel was worn out the most (34.6% on the left and 34.2% on the right).Conclusion The study confirmed that the incidence of foot blisters had no significant correla-tion with gender,left/right foot,hand dominance,BMI and age,which may be affected by the particularity of this march.Most of the foot blisters occurred in the planta,and the predilection sites of blisters were in accord with sites of of the abrasion of sole and the distribution of plantar shear force,which demonstrated the shear force is the most critical factor on the pathogenesis of foot blisters.

Objective To evaluate the effect of pre-emptive analgesia on pain and inflammation control in patients with severe multiple trauma.Methods Severe multiple trauma patients treated in the emergency department from September 2014 to December 2014 were prospectively included based on the inclusion criteria including injury severity score (ISS) of 16 to 25,Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≥ 13 and visual analogue scale (VAS) ≥ 4.The patients were assigned to pre-emptive analgesia group,traditional analgesia group and non-analgesia group,according to the random number table.Pre-emptive analgesia group had patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with sufentanil and tramadol on admission.Traditional analgesia group were administered intramuscular pethidine or subcutaneous morphine for temporary analgesia when the pain could not be tolerated.Non-analgesia group received no analgesia.VAS,systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score and serum interleukin (IL)-6 concentration were compared among the groups on admission day,24,48,72,120,168 and 240 h after admission.Results Fifty-seven patients (46 males and 11 females) were included,and age was (39.61 ± 12.05)years.There were 18 patients in pre-emptive analgesia group,20 patients in traditional analgesia group,and 19 patients in non-analgesia group.Comparison between pre-emptive analgesia,traditional analgesia and non-analgesia groups showed no significant differences on admission with respect toVAS [(6.5±1.5),(6.6±1.4),(6.4 ±1.4)points],SIRS [(3.3±0.7),(3.4±0.6),(3.4±0.8) points] and IL-6 concentration [(109.2 ± 47.9),(99.9 ± 44.3),(106.3 ± 50.0) ng/L] (P ＞0.05).Compared to traditional analgesia and non-analgesia groups,VAS and SIRS score in pre-emptive analgesia group differed significantly at 24,48,72,120,168 and 240 h after admission,and IL-6 in pre-emptive analgesia group differed significantly at 48,72,120,168 and 240 h after admission (all P ＜0.05).VAS,SIRS score and IL-6 concentration declined faster in pre-emptive analgesia group than other two groups (P ＜ 0.05),while there were no significant differences between traditional analgesia and nonanalgesia groups (P ＞ 0.05).Positive correlation was noted between VAS and SIRS score,and between VAS and t IL-6 concentration (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Pre-analgesia provides quick and effective pain relief and attenuate excessive systemic inflammation response that contributes to stabilization and recovery of the severe multiple trauma patients.

Klotho was first discovered as an aging-suppressor gene. Klotho protein is highly expressed in the brain and the kidney,but can also serve as a circulating hormone. Evidences suggest that Klotho is involved in calcium phosphate homeostasis,energy metabolism,protection of the cardiovascular system,protection of kid-ney and anti-aging through membrane receptors and hormone-like effects. Currently available studies support a tight interaction between Klotho and the GH-IGF1 axis,with a complex reciprocal regulation between them. On one hand,increased activity of the GH-IGF1 axis upregulates serum Klotho levels,which in turn inhibits the pe-ripheral activity of IGF1,thus forming a negative feedback loop. On the other hand,klotho abrogates the inhibito-ry effect of IGF1 in the pituitary,leading to enhanced GH secretion and further increase of IGF1 production,thus forming a positive feedback loop. In addition,Klotho plays an important role in calcium- phosphate metabolism together with GH-IGF1 and FGF23. In this paper,the regulation of Klotho expression and its relationship with GH-IGF1 axis and mineral metabolism are reviewed briefly.

Objective To discuss the impacts of stroke center construction upon therapeutic indexes for di-agnosing and treating patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods Patients were divided into a control group (180 patients)and a formal group(245 patients)based on the time of stroke center construction.Patients in both groups were recorded time points in the course of diagnosis and treatment,and compared in number of cases with intravenous thrombolysis,number of cases receiving intravascular interventional therapies,DTN(door-to-needle) time,number of deaths,National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)scores upon grouping,NIHSS scores after four weeks,NIHSS scores after 3 months,days of hospital stay and hospital charges.Results After the con-struction of the stroke center,time spent in different links were decreased.The number of cases with pure intrave-nous thrombolysis and DTN time(shorter than 60 min)were increased,and the difference were statistically signifi-cant(P<0.01).The number of cases who only received intravascular interventional therapies is increased,mean-while,DTN time was decreased,NIHSS scores after 4 weeks was increased and NIHSS scores after 3 months were also increased(P < 0.05)in these cases. No statistically significant differences existed in number of cases who were treated by bridging with intravenous thrombolysis in combination with intravascular interventional therapies and death cases(P=0.153,P=0.247).There were no statistically significant differences in days of hospital stay and hospital charges(P=0.152,P=0.406).Conclusions After the stroke center construction,it is helpful for significantly improving medical institutions′diagnosis and treatment of stroke,reducing time of such diagnosis and treatment in different links,shortening DTN time,increasing thrombolysis rate,improving patients′prognosis and bringing more benefits to patients with acute ischemic stroke by optimizing procedures for diagnosing and treating stroke.