Mesangial proliferation is a basic pathologic process of many kidney diseases,mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis(MsPGN) is the common pathological type.The pathogenesis of MsPGN still remains unclear.Recently,cytokines of fractalkine,interleukin and TGF-β gradually become hotspot in the pathogenesis of MsPGN.Studies shows that a variety of cytokines play an important roles in the development of MsPGN and the mechanism has been gradually clarified.Certain progress has been made in treatment,and more profound understanding of mycophenolate mofetil has been received,the treatment of the MsPGN as manifestations with refractory nephrotic syndrome has been achieved good effect.This review is based on the recent years of the primary non-IgA MsPGN progress.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the unipolar electrogram from successful and unsuccessful ablation sites of focal atrial tachycardia (AT), and to evaluate its value in the identification of successful targets.

METHODSFifteen consecutive patients with focal AT were referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Both unipolar (from the tip electrode of ablating catheter) and bipolar (from the distal pair of electrode of ablating catheter) electrograms were used to identify the ablation targets of focal AT.

RESULTSSuccessful ablation was echieved in 14 patients. Radiofrequency energy was delivered at a total of 27 sites. The bipolar electrograms associated with successful ablation sites showed earlier atrial deflection relative to P wave onset (36 ms +/- 15 ms vs 30 ms +/- 11 ms, P < 0.05) than the electrograms associated with failed ablation sites. At the 14 successful ablation sites, the unipolar electrograms displayed a completely negative atrial wave ("QS" morphology) beginning with intrinsic deflection. However, at the 13 unsuccessful ablation sites, a "rS" morphology of atrial wave was shown on the unipolar electrogram.

CONCLUSIONThe "QS" morphology of the atrial wave on unipolar electrograms appears to represent a reliable marker for identifying the successful ablation targets of focal AT, with a high sensitivity and specificity.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Child ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachycardia ; diagnosis ; surgery

Objective:To clarify the incidence and the related risk factors of postoperative delirium in liver transplantation (LT) recipients to provide rationales for early identification of delirium and constructing the related models.Methods:The authors used the "肝移植""移植术""肝移植手术""肝脏移植""移植肝""谵妄""谵语""危险因素""相关因素""影响因素"and "liver transplantation""liver transplant""delirium""delirious""delirium confusion""risk factors""relevant factors""root cause analysis"as the Chinese and English keywords, searching Wanfang data, China Biomedical Literature Database, CNKI, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, BMJ and the literature for the incidence or risk factors of postoperative delirium in LT recipients. The researchers independently performed literature screening, methodological evaluation and data extraction. And RevMan 5.4 and State16.0 software were employed for data processing.Results:A total of 19 articles involving 5003 samples were retrieved and 22 risk factors identifies. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of POD was 23%(1151/5003). The statistically significant risk factors included preoperative blood ammonia concentration >46 mmol/L ( OR=3.51, 95% CI: 1.53-8.09, P<0.001), model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score >15 points ( OR=4.24, 95% CI: 2.51-7.16, P<0.001), preoperative hepatic encephalopathy ( OR=3.00, 95% CI: 2.09-4.31, P<0.001), preoperative dosing of diuretics ( OR=2.36, 95% CI: 1.38-4.04, P<0.001), history of alcoholism ( OR=3.16, 95% CI: 1.06-9.40, P=0.040), longer anhepatic period ( OR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.03-1.06, P<0.001) and elevated aspartate transaminase concentration at Day 1 post-operation ( OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.15-1.53, P<0.001). Conclusions:Preoperative blood ammonia concentration >46 mmol/L, MELD score >15, hepatic encephalopathy, dosing of diuretic, a history of alcoholism, longer anhepatic period and elevated aspartate transaminase at Day 1 post-operation are risk factors for postoperative delirium after LT. Postoperative reintubation is not a risk factor for postoperative delirium.

Objective:To evaluate the curative effect, safety and feasibility of percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage(PTCD) combined with balloon dilatation in treating benign biliary-enteric anastomosis stricture(BBES).Methods:The clinical data of 33 patients with benign biliary-enteric anastomosis stricture, who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University during the period from January 2013 to May 2019, were retrospectively analyzed. There were 23 cases of benign etiology and 10 cases of malignant etiology, benign strictures of which 15 cases were located in the hepatic hilum and of which 18 cases outside of it. All patients were considered as benign stenosis by at least two imaging examinations of magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic or enhanced MRI or enhanced CT, laboratory examinations of tumor markers and other clinical data before operation. 10 cases of malignant etiology were confirmed by intraoperative biopsy and pathology. All patients were treated with balloon dilatation at an interval of 1 to 4 weeks after PTCD. The changes of clinical symptoms, bilirubin and liver function before and after operation were compared and analyzed, and the postoperative complications and anastomotic patency rate were followed up.Results:PTCD combined with balloon dilatation was performed successfully in all patients, and the success rate was 100%. After operation, the benign biliary-enteric anastomosis stricture was significantly improved in all patients, and the clinical symptoms were improved obviously. The liver function and bilirubin decreased significantly in all patients after operation, and there was significant statistical significance ( P<0.05). There is no serious complications such as biliary bleeding and biliary fistula were found after operation. At 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months and 36 months after operation, the anastomotic patency rates of all patients were 90.9%(30/33), 72.7%(24/33), 63.6%(21/33), 63.6%(21/33), 60.6%(20/33), respectively. During the whole follow-up period, anastomotic restenosis happened in 13 patients, of which 9 cases with restenosis, the benign stenosis site of the anastomosis was the hepatic hilum and of which 4 cases located on the outside of the hepatic hilum. After treatment, the incidence of benign restenosis of the anastomosis at the hepatic hilum (60.0%, 9/15) was higher than that at outside of the hepatic hilum (22.2%, 4/18) and it's statistically significant ( P<0.05). Among the 13 patients with recurrence of BBES, 4 cases underwent choledochojejunostomy for malignant causes and 9 cases with benign causes. The recurrence rates after the first balloon dilatation were 40.0% (4/10) and 39.1% (9/23), respectively, and the average recurrence time was 5.8 months and 6.8 months respectively, the difference was not statistically significant( P>0.05). Conclusion:For the treatment of benign biliary-enteric anastomosis stricture, percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage combined with balloon dilatation with reliable curative effect, with high safety and less trauma, with less operative complications, and with repeatability, so it is worth applying in clinic.