The imbalance of lipid metabolism is an important factor causing a series of metabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hyperlipidemia.Liver X receptors is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which maintains cholesterol homeostasis by regulating cholesterol absorption, transport, reverse cholesterol transport, biosynthesis and other functions.It plays an important role in maintaining lipid homeostasis by regulating de novo fat synthesis to maintain the balance of fatty acids in the body.

Objective To evaluate the effects of extractive from Gastrodiae Rhizoma on acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of learning-memory function in mice;To provide some reference for clinical research and development of new drugs.Methods Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, positive control group and Gastrodia extractive group. Positive control group and Gastrodia extractive group were given gavage by using relevant medicine 0.2 mL/10 g, and the control group and model group were given gavage with the same amount of distilled water for 16 days. After receiving gavage for continuous 11 days, memory acquisition barrier model was induced by scopolamine;memory consolidation barrier model was induced by chloromycetin;memory retrieval barrier model was induced by EtOH. The learning-memory function was reviewed by escape latency and spatial search distance. The quadrant and distance search time percentage was detected through directional navigation test and spatial probe test in Morris water maze.Results Extractive from Gastrodia Rhizoma shortened the time for acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of learning memory about escape latency and spatial search distance (P<0.05,P<0.01), and the quadrant and distance search time percentage were prolonged (P<0.01).Conclusion Extractive from Gastrodia Rhizoa can effectively improve the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of learning-memory function in mice.

AIM: To assess the effect of RNAi on suppressing the exogenous reporter gene expression in mammalian neurons,and explore the effect of siRNA quantitation on interference efficiency.METHODS: Exogenous green fluorescent protein(GFP) expression vector was transferred into neuro-2a cells,and then the small interference RNA targeting GFP mRNA(siGFP) synthesized by transcription in vitro at three different concentration was used in this experiment.RESULTS: The results showed that the neuro-2a cells can be transfected efficiently and siGFP can inhibit GFP expression greatly.CONCLUSION: RNAi can be applied into mammalian neurons successfully.The research on siRNA quantitation will provide technique support for studying the gene function of neurons in the future.

Objective To elaborate the role of hepatic inherent macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages in acute liver injury.Methods A model of acute liver injury in mice was induced via intraperitoneally injection of CCl 4 .Af-ter CCl4 injection, analysis of the expression of CD45, F4/80, Ly6C and CD11b on the hepatic macrophage surface was performed by flow cytometry at 24, 48 and 72 h before the hepatic inherent macrophages (CD45+F4/80hi) and monocyte-de-rived macrophages ( CD45+F4/80 lo ) were sorted at the same time .The relative expression of cytokines in the two popula-tions of macrophages was detected by qRT-PCR.Results Compared with control , the number of total F4/80 +cells in the liver was markedly increased after CCl 4 injection, especially at 72 h.The number of CD45+F4/80lo cells increased signifi-cantly after CCl4 injection 24 h.The mRNA levels of MCP-1, TNF-α, TGF-β1, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-12 and MMP-13 were elevated significantly both in F 4/80 hi and F4/80 lo macrophages .IL-12βand IL-6 mRNA levels increased significantly only in F4/80hi macrophages, while the level of MMP-9 mRNA increased markedly only in F4/80lo macropha-ges.When compared with F4/80lo macrophages, MCP-1 and MMP-12 mRNA levels were elevated significantly , while the level of TNF-αmRNA decreased significantly in F4/80hi macrophages.Conclusion In acute liver injury, hepatic inherent macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages both express inflammatory cytokines , promoting inflammation response and leading to liver damage .The ability to recruit inflammatory monocytes into the liver is much stronger ,the expression of in-flammatory cytokines ( IL-12βand IL-6 ) and MMP-12 is higher , but the expression of inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α) MMP-9 is lower in hepatic inherent macrophages than in monocyte-derived macrophages .

OBJECTIVE：To obs erve the protective effect of protoca techuic aldehyde（PAL）on neurovascular unit （NVU） homeostasis damage in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury （CIRI）. METHODS ：SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group ，model group ，PAL high-dose and low-dose groups （10，20 mg/kg），with 11 rats in each group. Administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically. Sham operation group and model group were given the same volume of normal saline intragastrically ，10 mL/kg once a day ，for 5 days. After last administration ，CIRI model was induced by suture method ；the ultrastructural changes of NVU were observed by transmission electron microscope. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of NUV related proteins （MAP-2，GFAP，AQP-4）in cerebral tissue. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the positive expression of above proteins in cerebral cortex. RESULTS ：Compared with sham operation group ， blood-brain barrier （BBB）structure of model group was destroyed severely ，the vascular lumen became narrower ，lateral edema of endothelial cells was severe ，and the thickness of basement membrane varied ；the nuclei of neurons were pyknosis and there was a large area of edema in the surrounding tissues ；the structure of glial cells was seriously damaged ，the cell body was shrunk and organelles were lost ；protein expression （or positive expression ）of MAP- 2 in brain tissue （or cerebral cortex ）were significantly decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），while protein expression （or positive expression ） of GFAP and AQP- 4 were increased significantly（P＜0.01）. After PAL intervention ，the rats had less BBB damage ，and the morphology of vascular lumen and basement membrane were not completely destroyed ；the damage of neurons was alleviated ，the pyknosis of neurons was decreased ， the chromatin was homogeneous and the heterochromatin was decreased；the damage of glial cell structure was alleviated protein expression of GFAP and AQP- 4（except for low-dose group） in cerebral tissue and positive expression of MAP- 2 and GFAP protein in cerebral cortex were reversed @qq.com significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS ：PAL can protect the stability of NVU from damage in CIRI model rats； the mechanism may be related to up-regulating the expression of MAP- 2 protein in cerebral cortex and down-regulating the expression of GFAP and AQP- 4 protein in brain tissue.

OBJECTIVE To compare anti-ischemic stroke （IS） effect of different extraction parts from Gastrodia elata， and to provide reference for screening the anti-IS effective parts of G. elata. METHODS G. elata was extracted and separated by ethanol reflux extraction and ethyl acetate extraction. The rat model of diffuse cerebral thrombosis was induced by internal carotid artery injection of arachidonic acid （AA）； the anti-IS effect of G. elata powder， ethanol extract of G. elata， residue of ethanol extract of G. elata， ethyl acetate extract of G. elata， residue of ethyl acetate extract of G. elata， gastrodin and aspirin （positive control drug） were investigated with the content of Evans blue （EB） in the ischemic brain tissue as index. RESULTS Compared with model group， aspirin， ethanol extract of G. elata and ethyl acetate extract of G. elata could significantly decrease the content of EB in the ischemic brain tissue of model rats （P＜0.05）. G. elata powder had the tendency to reduce the content of EB in the ischemic brain tissue of model rats， without statistical significance （P＞0.05）. The residue of ethanol extract of G. elata， residue of ethyl acetate extract of G. elata and gastrodin had little effect on the content of EB in the ischemic brain tissue of model rats. CONCLUSIONS Both ethanol extract of G. elata and ethyl acetate extract of G. elata have anti-IS effects， which are stronger than that of G. elata powder.