Tissues and organs generate angiogenesis under the stimulation of angiogenic factors in physiological or pathological conditions.Multiple signal pathways including VEGF, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, Ang1(2)/tie2 and PIK-Akt etc.have effects on various stages of angiogenesis.VEGF exerts irreplaceable effects on the whole process of angiogenesis through multiple signal pathways.Over the past few years, new progress has been made in the researches of mechanisms regulating angiogenesis through VEGF-related signal pathways both at home and abroad.These findings provide us new theoretical basis for clarification of the pathogenesis of many diseases and clinical drug development.In this article we will summarize the recent research progress in this field, hoping to provide new possibilities for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.

Proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells is regulated by autologous or external, adjacent or remote cell signaling pathways. This paper reviewed the studies about the Notch, BMP, Wnt, Shh signaling pathways related to brain neurogenesis.

Objective To study the effects of morroniside on the expression of Wnt signaling-related transcription factors neurogenin 2 (Ngn2), Pax6 and Tbr2 in the ischemic ipsilateral cortex 7 days after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group (n=3), ischemia group (n=3), and morroniside groups (low, medium and high dosage groups, n=3). The middle cerebral artery were occluded for 30 min, and re-perfused. Morroniside was administered intragastrically once a day at dose of 30 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg and 270 mg/kg 3 hours after operation. The expression of Ngn2, Pax6 and Tbr2 in the ischemic ipsilateral cortex were detected with Western blotting analysis 7 days after operation. Results The expression of Ngn2 increased in the ischemia group compared with the sham group (P<0.05), and it further increased the morroniside groups of medium and high dosage compared with the ischemia group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the ischemia group and sham group in the expression of Pax6, while it increased the morroniside groups of medium and high dosage compared with the ischemia group (P<0.01). There was no significant difference among all the groups in the expression of Tbr2. Conclusion Morroniside could increase the expression of Ngn2 and Pax6 in the ischemic ipsilateral cortex 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion in rats, suggesting promoting the neurogenesis after ischemia.

Objective To study the effects of morroniside on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 and MMP-9 in the peri- infarct cortex 3 days after cerebral ischemia- reperfusion. Methods 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group (n=3), ischemia group (n=3), and morroniside groups (low, medium and high dosage groups, n=3). The middle cerebral artery were occluded for 30 min, and re-perfused. Morroniside was administered intragastrically once a day at dose of 30 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg and 270 mg/kg 3 hours after operation. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in peri-infarct cortex were detected with immunohistochemistry staining 3 days after operation. Results The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 increased in the ischemia group compared with the sham group (P<0.01), and it decreased in all the morroniside groups compared with the ischemia group (P<0.01). Conclusion Morroniside could decrease the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the peri-infarct cortex 3 days after ischemia, suggesting protecting the function of blood-brain barrier from ischemia.

Objective To observe the expression of phosphorylated EphrinB2 in brain after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.Methods 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group (n=12) and model group (n=12). The model group was modeled as middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion with nylon monofilament suture, and then was assessed with Longa's score. The expression of phosphorylated EphrinB2 in cerebral cortex was detected with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results The expression of phosphorylated EphrinB2 and the number of positive cells were significantly higher in the sham group than in the control group (P<0.05). It existed in the vascular endothelium in cerebral cortex. Conclusion EphrinB2 signaling pathway is activated in ischemic stroke.

Objective To explore the effects of morroniside on platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Methods 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group, model group, morroniside dose groups (30 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 270 mg/kg) and acetyl salicilic acid (ASA) group (10 mg/kg). The model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established in all rats except the sham group. Born's turbidimetry was used to measure platelet aggregation rate in rats of MCAO model (in vivo). Results Compared with the model group, the platelet aggregation decreased significantly in the morroniside high dose group (P<0.001). Conclusion Morroniside has the effect of anti-platelet aggregation in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of morroniside on fibrinogen (Fib), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Methods The animal model was induced with occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCAO) with suture embolus, and morroniside was then administered intragastrically at the dose of 30, 90 and 270 mg/kg for 7 d. Acetyl salicylic acid was taken as positive control drug. The content of Fib, and PT, APTT and TT were measured withrelated kits. Results Compared with the sham-operated group, the concentration of Fib significantly increased (P<0.001) and PT, APTT and TT significantly shortened in the model group (P<0.001); however, compared with the model group, morroniside significantly decreased Fib content (P<0.01) and prolonged PT, APTT and TT (P<0.05). Conclusion Morroniside can antagonize the coagulation function in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.

Objective To explore the effect of morroniside on blood viscosity in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Methods The animal model was induced with occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCAO), and morroniside (30 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 270 mg/kg) was then administered intragastrically for 7 d. Whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity were detected with auto-hemorheological instrument and microplasma testing device. Results Compared with sham-operated group, both whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity significantly increased in ischemic rats (P<0.001); however, morroniside reduced whole blood and plasma viscosity noticeably (P<0.001). Conclusion Morroniside can inhibit the increase of blood viscosity induced by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.

The pathways of brain injury caused by ischemic stroke are complicated. Due to those largely ineffective current therapeutic strategies, the development of new and efficient therapeutic interventions is clearly needed. This article summarized the progress in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, the drugs for treatment and the therapeutic time window.

Parkinson's disease is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder among old people, characterized by progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and accordingly low level of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway.Neuroinflammation and even systemic inflammation have been suggested to be involved in the demise of dopaminergic neurons. Anti-inflammatory treatment could protect brain from inflammatory injury and prevent the progressive course of Parkinson's disease, which suggests a potential new strategy for Parkinson's disease treatment.