Objective To investigate the clinical curative effect of ladder-type decompression in preventing acute encephalocele in the operation of severe craniocerebral trauma.Methods The clinical data of 178 patients after operation of severe craniocerebral trauma were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into routine decompression group (75 cases) and ladder-type decompression group (103 cases).The former was treated by routine decompression,and the latter was treated by ladder-type decompression.The efficacy was compared and analyzed.Results The incidence of acute encephalocele and delayed hematoma in ladder-type decompression group were 27.18％ (28/103) and 12.62％ (13/103),in routine decompression group were 54.67％ (41/75) and 26.67％ (20/75),and the differences between two groups were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05).Three months after discharge,21 cases were lost in ladder-type decompression group and 15 cases were lost in routine decompression group.Recovery rate and death rate in ladder-type decompression group were 29.27％ (24/82) and 36.59％ (30/82),in routine decompression group were 15.00％ (9/60) and 55.00％ (33/60),and the differences were statistically significant (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ladder-type decompression can effectively reduce the incidence of acute encephaloceie via the steady release of intracranial pressure,which has positive significance in the improvement of the treatment and prognosis of severe craniocerebral injury.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of the renal secondary tumor.Methods From January 2000 to January 2014,the data from 31 patients,including 23 male patients and 8 female patients,with renal secondary tumors were analyzed retrospectively.Their mean age was 56 years old (ranging from 38 to 75 years old).The 31 renal secondary tumors rooted in lung cancer(n =14),lymphoma(n =5),colorectal cancer and gastric cancer(n =3),breast cancer(n =2),esophageal cancer(n =1),thyroid cancer (n =1),cervical cancer (n =1) and bladder cancer (n =1),respectively.There were 22 patients (71.0％) of renal metastasis accompany with other organs or lymph node metastasis.9 cases (29％) suffered with independent renal metastasis and 21 cases (67.7％) suffered with unilateral renal metastasis.5 cases(16.1％) were diagnosed as primary tumor with the renal metastasis at the same time,and the remaining 26 cases were found renal metastasis within 9 to 72 months after primary tumor (mean 30 months).There were only 5 patients (16.1％) with symptom.Ultrasound showed low echo range in 20 cases (65.6％) or uneven echo in 11 cases (34.4％).CT showed equal density (77.4％) in 24 cases or slightly low density shadow (22.6％) in 7 cases,most of which were endogenous,mild enhancement.10 cases (32.3％) were bilateral renal metastasis,unilateral renal multiple metastases was found in 6 cases (19.4％),and single metastasis was noticed in 15 cases (48.4％).The average diameter of the renal metastasis was 2.7 cm (ranging from 0.9 to 6.8 cm).Except 4 cases gave up the treatment,the remaining 27 cases were accepted comprehensive therapy about the primary tumor.the 9 patients with renal metastasis only were treated with chemotherapy or targeted therapy for the advanced primary tumor.Among the 9 patients,6 cases were undergone NSS or radical nephrectomy (RN) treatment.Results In 9 cases with only renal metastasis,6 cases,treated by surgery,recovered well.Postoperative pathological and immunohistochemical results confirmed the renal metastasis.Up to January 2015,the follow-up duration ranged from 2 months to 60 months [mean (22.6 ± 18.4) months].The survival time ranged from 1 month to 51 months [mean (13.2 ± 13.2) months].Among 22 cases with multiple metastasis,4 cases gave up treatment,whose average survival time was (2.0 ± 1.4) months.However,the average survival time in remaining 18 cases was (11.1 ± 4.7) months (P ＜ 0.05).In 9 cases with independent renal metastasis,the average survival time in 6 cases,accepted the procedure,was (26.2 ± 18.6) months.While,the average survival time in remaining 3 non-surgical cases,was (10.3 ± 4.0) months (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Renal secondary tumor was rare in clinic.Most cases have isolated lesion.Renal secondary tumor was advanced manifestation of the primary tumor,which could prolong the survival time according to the comprehensive treatment for the primary tumor.Surgical resection of the lesion before the comprehensive treatment could be chosen in the independent renal metastasis.

Objective To analyze the outcome of intra-artery chemotherapy for T1G3 bladder cancer , and its effectiveness and safety. Methods From June 2003 to May 2014, 39 patients with T1G3 bladder cancer chose intra-artery chemotherapy (Gemcitabine plus cis-platin), and close follow-up was required after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. During the follow-up, transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, and cystectomy was performed for muscle invasive tumor. Results Of all patients, 32 were male and 7 were female. The median age was 56 years old (range: 32-82 years), and median follow-up time was 56 months (range: 12-136 months). Nineteen patients were primary bladder cancer, and 20 were recurrent tumor. During the follow-up, 17 patients developed recurrent tumors, including 8 progressed tumors and 3 died from tumor. Two-year and 5-year progressed-free survival were 88% and 74%, and 2-year and 5-year cancer-specific survival were 97% and 89%, respectively. During 5 years′ follow-up, 81% survivor preserved intact bladder, and only 1 patient cancelled chemotherapy for adverse effect. Conclusions Intra-artery chemotherapy (GC regimen) is a choice for T1G3bladder cancer, preventing from disease progression with good tolerance.

Background and purpose: The clinical and pathological characteristics and treatment strategy for the patients with testicular diffuse large B cell lymphoma still need to be further studied. This study was done to evaluate the diagnosis and strategy for the disease by retrospective analysis of 21 patients with testicular diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Methods: 21 patients with pathologically proved as diffuse large B cell lymphoma after surgery in the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and The Guangzhou General Hospital of PLA from September 2002 to April 2009 were accrued. There were 3 in stage Ⅰ_E , 4 in stage Ⅱ_E , 5 in stage Ⅲ_E and 9 in stage Ⅳ according to Ann Arbor stage standard. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy with CHOP regimen initially after operation. Radiotherapy or other salvage chemotherapy regimen was given after failure of the initial treatment. The follow-up information was collected for to all of the patients. Results: Follow-up time ranged from 10 to 83 months. After completion of first-line chemotherapy(CHOP), overall response rate was 72.2%(13/18)with complete remission (CR) rate of 33.3%(6/18)and partial response rate(PR) of 38.9%(7/18). 3 patients in stage Ⅰ_E survived free from disease until now. Tumor relapsed and refractory eases were observed in 10 patients, and they all showed little response to chemotherapy with a response rate of 30.0%(3/10). Among the 21 patients, 11(52.3%) cases died of the disease with a median survival time of 28 months. Of these 21 patients, 7 patients were CD10(+), 5 patients overexpressed bel-6, 12 patients were bcl-2(+), and 15 patients overexpressed MUM1.Overexpressed bcl-2 and MUM1 indicated bad prognosis. Conclusion: Most of the testieular diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients were non-GCB. And they were sensitive to CHOP chemotherapy. The results suggested that all patients should receive chemotherapy after surgery. It was curable in the early stage. However,the options of treatment method for the patients with relapsed and refractory cases are limited and need to be further explored.

Objective To estimate the feasibility of QOL score in functional assessment of or-thotopic neobladder after radical cystectomy. Methods Questionnaire survey,QOL score sheet and urodynamic examination were done in 22 patients with orthotopic neobladder.Investigations were fo-CUS on the micturition interval during daytime and nighttime.Micturition time,degree of incontinence and their relationship with QOI.scores and urodynamic parameters wete also analyzed. ResuIts There were 3,6,7,1,2,3 and 0 cases which QOI.score were 0 to 6 accordingly.In the dav time,2 patients complained a light incontinence while 1 patient of moderate incontinence.In the nighttime.3 patients had the complaint of moderate incontinence while 4 patients of light incontinence.The average daytime mlcturltlon interval was 136 min(45-210 rain).The average maximum urinary flow rate,maximal urethral closure pressure and postvoid residual were 12.9 ml/s(2.7-22.1 ml/s),69.3 cm H2O(33-114 em H20)and 91.8 ml(5-300 m1)respectively.QOL scores had D.sitive correlation with the degree of incontinence during daytime and nighttime(daytime:r-0.510,P=0.015,night time:r=0.911,P<0.001).The QOL scores had negative correlation with daytime micturition inter-val(r=-0.749,P<0.001).The factors which influenced the QOL scores included the maximaI ure-thral closure pressure,postvoid residual and the maximum urinary flow rate. Conclusions QOL score reflects the patients"continent ability,subjective feelings on quality of life.It is correlated with the common urodynamic parameters.QOI.score might be used as a new index to estimate the function of orthotopic neobladder.

Objective To investigate the techniques of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection(LRPLND)through extraperitoneal approach. Methods Seven non-seminomatous germ cell testicular tumor(NSGCT)patients of clinical stage Ⅰ underwent LRPLND through extraperitoneal approach.The average age was 31(27-39 years old),the average weight was 62 kg(weight 58-72 kg).Pathological examination revealed 2 testis mixed carcinoma(major of embryonal carclnoma and seminoma),2 yolk sac tumor,1 ehoriocarcinoma,2 teratoma with seminoma.Two of them were in right side,and 5 in left.All the chest X-ray,abdominal CT and bone scanning of them were normal before operation.All patients were general anesthetized.Three or 4 trocars were placed,from 2 of them two gasbags were used to expand the retroperitoneal space at volume of 800-900 ml.The retroperitoneal fat was cleared off from the surface of Gerota's fascia to iliac fossa and the plane spance betwwwn anterior rena fascia and posterior peritoneum was separated In the same way the Plane between dorsal renal and the surface of psoas major and quadratus lumborum unto iliae lossa was exposed.Abdominal aorta or vena cava was exposed,then divided and dissected free from surfaee of psoas maior.The conflux of renal vein and testicular vein at the deep face of renal artere(left)was exposed,then testicular vein was ligated and divided it at its end.Fat and lymph tissue between ureter and vessels was dissected to the crotch of abdominal aorta or inferior vena cava.The primary inguinal incision of testectomy was then excided.Normal antegrade ejaculation recovered in 1 month postoperatively. Results The initial 2 operations were converted to open way as the peritoneum were penetrated largely.The other 5 operations were successful.The average operating time was 285 min(245-350 min),intraoperative blood loss was 100-250 ml.Four patients'pathologic results accorded with clinical staging,and 2 positive lymph nodes were found in the other one.The average number of lymph node resected was 25.6 counts(22-31).Follow-up for 3-20 months,chest X-ray and abdominal CT revealed no evidence of recurrence or distant metastasis,and serum tumor markers were in normal range.Normal antegrade ejaculation recovered in 1 month postoperatively. Conclusions The technique through extraperitoneal approach could be applied for LRPLND.It might be an approach for diagnosis and treatment of stage Ⅰ NSGCT.

Objective To investigate the correlation between heat-shock protein 70-2 (HSP70-2) gene+1267A/G polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) in Han Chinese population. Methods Using the method of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) , the polymorphism and genotype and allele distribution of HSP70-2 gene + 1267A/G in 185 CHD patients and 149 controls were analyzed. Results The HSP70-2 gene + 1267A/G polymorphism was found in this study population.The distribution of HSP70-2 genotypes was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of G allele in CHD group was significantly higher than that in control (61.89% vs51.68%, P ＜ 0. 01). After multiple logistic regression analysis, HSP70-2 gene (GG + AG) genotype was an independent risk factor of coronary heart disease. Conclusion HSP70-2 gene + 1267A/G polymorphism was associated with CHD risk of Han Chinese population, the G allele might serve as a genetic risk factor of coronary heart disease.

Objective To explore the risk factors of inguinal metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, screening lymph node metastasis high-risk patients. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 81 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were analyzed retrospectively. Age at presentation ranged from 27 to 81 years with a median of 49 years. Course of disease within one year of patients with 46 cases (56.8%), 1 year above 35 eases (43.2 %). Seventyfive patients underwent bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection, and 6 patients had unilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. Clinical stage of the primary tumor was assigned according to the 2002 TNM staging system. Variables included patients' age, redundant prepuce and/or phimosis, tumor site,size, number, macroscopic growth pattern, histological grade, inguinal physical examination and the size of inguinal lymph nodes. Results Of the 81 patients, 42 (51.9%) were staged as pN+ and 39 (48. 1%) as pN0. Metastases occurred in 32.0% (16/50) of G1, 78.3% (18/23) of G2 and 100. 0%(8/8) of G3 cases, with significant differences among them (P= 0. 015). According to the inguinal lymph node physical examination results, 63 were staged as clinically node-positive (cN+) and 18 as clinically node-negative (cN0). Metastases occurred in 63. 5% (40/63) of cases of cN+, as compared with 11.1% (2/18) of cases of cN0(P=0. 012). At a median follow up of 40 months (ranged 2-127 months), the 5-year disease free survival rates for positive and negative inguinal lymph nodes metastasis were 71.4% and 92.3%, respectively (P=0. 005) , and the 5-year cancer specific survival rates were 79.0% and 91.4%, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusions Inguinal physical examination and histological grade were the strongest predictors of inguinal metastasis. The patients with inguinal lymph nodes metastasis have lower 5-year disease free survival rates and cancer specific survival rates,and should receive positive treatment measures.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers threatening the health of males. The incidence of prostate cancer in China is on the rise. Non-metastatic castration-resistant stage is a special disease stage during the progression of prostate cancer, early identification of nmCRPC and prompt intervention can help delay disease progression and prolong patient survival. In recent years, many studies demonstrated the efficacy of novel androgen receptor inhibitors such as apalutamide, in prolonging metastasis-free survival and time to symptomatic progression in patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). This article reviews the recent progress of novel androgen receptor inhibitors for nmCRPC.

Objective: To explore the clinical outcome of advanced testicular nonseminomatous germ cell cancer patients undergoing post chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND), and to analyze the relevant prognostic factors of lymph node pathological. Methods: A total of 43 consecutive testicular nonseminomatous germ cell cancer patients underwent PC-RPLND between March 2001 and December 2014 in Department of Urology at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were retrospectively reviewed. The average age of the patients was (29.0±11.5) years (ranging from 12 to 58 years). Before PC-RPLND, 22 patients were classified as phase Ⅱ, while 21 were phase Ⅲ. Primary tumor histology revealed seminomatous elements in 19 cases, embryonal cell carcinoma in 22 cases, yolk sac tumor in 13 cases, chorionic carcinoma in 3 cases, mature teratomatous elements in 11 and immature teratomatous elements in 2 cases. Patients were treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy after orchectomy and then underwent surgical resection of retroperitoneal lymph nodes.After PC-RPLND, all patients underwent a periodic review including the blood routine, biochemistry routine and computed tomography or ultrasonograph of the chest, the abdomen and the pelvis. The association of pathological data with patient′s clinic features and the correlations between molecular features detected with each other were assessed by the t test, χ² and Fisher′s exact test. Multivariate logistic regression were used to assess prognostic factors. Results: The median operative time was 278 minutes (ranging from 50 to 715 minutes). Median blood loss was 425 ml (ranging from 50 to 5 000 ml). Eight patients received blood transfusion intra-operatively, 2 patients underwent adjunctive surgical procedures, 4 patients developed ileus and 4 had an ascites chylosus following PC-RPLND, 1 patient had a postoperative hyperthermia and retrograde ejaculation was present in 10 patients. The transverse diameter of the residual tumor in patients ranged from 0.8 to 18.2 cm. Necrosis, teratoma and viable germ cell tumors were found in 15, 17 and 11 of all patients. The median follow-up time was 46 months (ranging from 6 to 169 months). There were 39 patients had no tumor recurrence, 7 patients were found recurrence after PC-RPLND, 5 died of malignant germ cell tumor. The normal serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level before chemotherapy (HR=25.811, 95%CI: 0.678 to 982.624, P=0.017) and relative changes more than 50% in retroperitoneal lymph node size (HR=0.016, 95%CI: 0 to 0.698, P=0.032) were statistically significant prognostic factors of the presence of necrosis. Conclusions Since most residual masses are not sensitive to chemotherapy, PC-RPLND is still an essential part of the treatment of metastatic testicular nonseminomatous germ cell cancer. Patients with the normal serum LDH level before chemotherapy and a shrinkage of 50% or more in retroperitoneal mass have a considerably chance of having necrosis in the retroperitoneum resection. This may help to refine the selection of candidates for PC-RPLND.